lec 7- Animal nervous system part 3

Question 1

what are the two types of nervous systems in vertebrates?

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

what does the CNS do?

Answer 2

receives and processes information

Question 3

what does the PNS do?

Answer 3

carries info from body to brain and carries out orders from the brain

Question 4

what is apart of the CNS?

Answer 4

The brain and the spinal cord

Question 5

What is apart of the PNS?

Answer 5

The cranial and spinal nerves

Question 6

what are the two system in the PNS and what do they do?

Answer 6

afferent division- sends sensory and internal information to CNS
efferent division- carries signals that allow the body to respond to the changed conditions

Question 7

what are the two other systems that the efferent division is divided into?

Answer 7

Efferent division divides into somatic nervous system which is under conscious control, skeletal muscles serve as the effectors, and the autonomic nervous system which is not under conscious control, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and several glands serve as effectors

Question 8

what are the two types of nerves that the autonomic nervous system divides into?

Answer 8

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 9

what does the parasympathetic nerves do?

Answer 9

it promotes “rest and digest” functions that conserve energy

Question 10

what does sympathetic nerves do?

Answer 10

it prepares organs for stressful situations “fight or flight”

Question 11

what is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 11

the neurons in the gastrointestinal tract that interact with the autonomic nerves

Question 12

where are the parasympathetic nerves located?

Answer 12

at the top of the spinal cord

Question 13

where are the sympathetic nerves located?

Answer 13

originate in the spinal cord but emerge in the middle of its length

Question 14

what are the 4 parts of the brain and what do they do?

Answer 14

Cerebrum- left and right hemispheres, involved in conscious thought and memory
Cerebellum- coordinates complex motor patterns
Diencephalon- relays sensory information to the cerebrum and controls homeostasis
Brain stem- information relay, autonomic control of heart, lungs, digestive system

Question 15

what are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Answer 15

Frontal lobe (front)
Parietal lobe (upper back)
Occipital lobe (lower back)
Temporal lobe (sides)

Question 16

what part of the brain connects the two hemispheres?

Answer 16

corpus callosum

Question 17

what happens if the corpus callosum is cut?

Answer 17

the two hemispheres act on their own becoming like “two brains”

Question 18

what part of the brain is in charge of personality?

Answer 18

the frontal lobe

Question 19

what is aphasia?

Answer 19

a disorder that affects communication

Question 20

what are the two types of aphasia and what do they do?

Answer 20

when the left side is damaged:
-Brocas aphasia results in difficulty in speaking and producing language
-Wernickes aphasia results in difficulty producing meaningful speech and comprehending language

Question 21

what does the hippocampus do?

Answer 21

involved in the creation of short term memory

Question 22

what does contralateral side of the brain mean?

Answer 22

the left side of your body is controlled by the right side of the brain and vice versa.

Question 23

do motor and sensory afferent nerves project to the contralateral side of the brain?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

what are stroke symptoms?

Answer 24

one side of the face and body is numb and droopy

Question 25

is higher brain function lateralized to one side of the brain?

Answer 25

yes, eg. language

Question 26

what part of the brain controls movement planning?

Answer 26

frontal lobe

Question 27

what part of the brain controls sense of touch?

Answer 27

parietal lobe

Question 28

what part of the brain controls sight?

Answer 28

occipital lobe

Question 29

what part of the brain controls hearing?

Answer 29

temporal lobe

Question 30

why is the cerebrum thicker in some parts?

Answer 30

its thicker for important senses

Question 31

what is learning?

Answer 31

is an enduring change in behaviour that results from a specific experience in an individuals life

Question 32

what is memory?

Answer 32

is the retention of learned information

Question 33

what is the main factor to learning and retaining memory?

Answer 33

changes in the synapse

Question 34

what is synaptic plasticity?

Answer 34

changes in the synapse

Question 35

what neurotransmitter influences learning?

Answer 35

serotonin

Question 36

explain the aplysia sea slug experiment:

Answer 36

1. When the tail and syphon neurons were activated, it resulted in the increased activation of gill withdrawal
2. When tail and syphon neurons were activated, it also cause biochemical pathways to last longer in the syphon neuron
3. Because of these biochemical changes, the slug remembers the the association between shock of the tail and touch of the syphon
   4.sebsequent touches result in increased neurotransmitter release from syphon neuron
4. Thus subsequent touches result in increased gill withdrawal
5. With repeated training this pathway can stimulate gene expression and generation of additional synapses