lec 2- animal cell biology

Question 1

what do all cells have?

Answer 1

All cells have proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, plasma membrane

Question 2

what are organelles?

Answer 2

membrane bound compartments

Question 3

what are the advantages of having organelles?

Answer 3

Eukaryotes have a large surface to volume ratio which makes it difficult for molecules to diffuse across the cell, but with the help of organelles, the large cell volume can be broken down into smaller membrane bound organelles which help in the separation of incompatible chemical reactions and increased efficiency of chemical reactions

Question 4

what is the plasma membrane?

Answer 4

The plasma membrane separates outside from inside, consists of phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

what is cytoplasm?

Answer 5

everything inside the cell apart from the nucleus is termed the cytoplasm, a jelly like substance that fills the cell

Question 6

what different organelles or structures do animal cells and plant cells have?

Answer 6

animal- lysosome and centrosome
plant- cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

Question 7

what is the nucleus?

Answer 7

an organelle that stores genetic information and acts as the control center

Question 8

what is the nucleolus?

Answer 8

the part of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Question 9

what links the inside of the nucleus?

Answer 9

the nuclear lamina

Question 10

what is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 10

a organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope

Question 11

what are the two types of ER?

Answer 11

rough and smooth

Question 12

what does the rough ER contain and do?

Answer 12

The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, it synthesizes proteins

Question 13

what is the lumen?

Answer 13

synthesized proteins from the RER move into the lumen where they are folded and processed

Question 14

what does the smooth ER contain and do?

Answer 14

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, catalyzes lipids and may synthesize lipids, contains CA2+ ions and breaks down molecules that are poisonous

Question 15

what is the golgi apparatus formed of?

Answer 15

flat membranous sacs called cicternae

Question 16

what do the cis side and trans side of the golgi face?

Answer 16

the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Question 17

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 17

processes, sorts, and ships proteins that were synthesized in the rough ER. cis receives and trans ships

Question 18

what does the lysosome do?

Answer 18

it is a recycling center. digests components in the cell and outside.

Question 19

what do peroxisomes do?

Answer 19

carry out redox reactions

Question 20

what does the mitochondria do?

Answer 20

supplies ATP to the cell

Question 21

what is the cristae?

Answer 21

one of the two membranes, it is the internal membrane which is folded

Question 22

what is the inside of the mitochondria called?

Answer 22

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

do mitochondria have their own DNA?

Answer 23

yes, its called the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Question 24

what does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 24

The cytoskeleton is responsible for structural stability, cell division, cell motility, maintaining/changing cell shape, transport material within the cell, organizes the organelles

Question 25

how much ATP is used in a second

Answer 25

The body uses about 10 million ATP in a second

Question 26

what are the three types of cytoskeletal elements?

Answer 26

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 27

how are actin filaments formed and what are the qualities it has?

Answer 27

they are formed by polymerization of actin molecules into a long strand. Two strand coil around one another. has a plus and minus end, where the plus end grows faster than the minus end. strands are constantly assembling and disassembling.

Question 28

what do actin filaments do?

Answer 28

help form the structure of the cell and give the cell motility

Question 29

what is myosin?

Answer 29

it is a motor protein that works with actin filament to move the cell. it pulls actin filament, causing it to slide.

Question 30

what are intermediate filaments defined by, and what does it do?

Answer 30

it is defined by its size rather than composition and it acts as structural support

Question 31

what are microtubules made of and what do they do?

Answer 31

they are made of alpha and beta tubulin dimers and they help provide structural support and the movement of vesicles

Question 32

what motor protein is required for vesicle transport on a microtubule?

Answer 32

kinesin