lec 1- animal form and function

Question 1

what are the key traits of an animal?

Answer 1

multicellularity (cells that lack cell walls), heterotrophy (obtain necessary carbon compounds from other organisms), and Motility (move under their own power at some point in their life cycle)

Question 2

what is a tissue?

Answer 2

a group of similar cells that work together as a unit to perform the same function

Question 3

what are the four types of tissues?

Answer 3

connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, and epithelial tissue

Question 4

what is connective tissue?

Answer 4

consists of cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jelly like, or solid matrix. They make their own matrix

Question 5

what are the four types of connective tissue

Answer 5

Loose connective tissue (fibrous proteins in a soft matrix, eg. fat tissue)
Dense connective tissue (contains a matrix dominated by tough collagen, eg. tendons and ligaments)
Supporting connective tissue (has a firm extracellular matrix, eg. bone and cartilage)
Fluid connective tissue (cells surrounded by a liquid matrix, eg. blood)

Question 6

what is nervous tissue?

Answer 6

nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, or neurons, and several types of supporting cells

Question 7

why are neurons excitable cells?

Answer 7

because they have a plasma membrane with a charge that changes over time

Question 8

what is a neuron made of?

Answer 8

Neurons consist of a cell body, short branching dendrites which transmit electrical signals from adjacent cells to neuron body, and a long axon which carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells

Question 9

what is muscle tissue?

Answer 9

consists of cells that contract, converting chemical energy to movement, they are also excitable like neurons

Question 10

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 10

skeletal muscle (attach to bones, long cells), cardiac muscle (makes up the walls of the heart, branched cells), and smooth muscle (lines the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels, tapered cells)

Question 11

what is epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

consists of tissue that cover the outside of the body, line the surfaces of organs and form glands

Question 12

what is an organ?

Answer 12

an organ is a structure that serves a specialized function and consists of several tissue

Question 13

what is a gland?

Answer 13

A gland is a group of cells that secrete specific molecules or solution

Question 14

what is epethelia?

Answer 14

Epithelia provide protection and act as gatekeepers for the selective movement of water and nutrients across their inner and outer surface

Question 15

what is the function of the apical side of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 15

Apical side of epithelial tissue lines the organs and secrete mucus

Question 16

what is the function of the basolateral side of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 16

Basolateral side of epithelial tissue cement the apical to the basil lamina

Question 17

how long do epithelial cells last for?

Answer 17

Epithelial cells have a lifespan of 2 to 3 days

Question 18

what happens when a cell gets larger?

Answer 18

As a cell gets larger its volume increases much faster than its surface area does

Question 19

what are the adaptation to increase surface area?

Answer 19

flattening, folding, branching

Question 20

what does a larger surface area result in?

Answer 20

More surface area results in more absorption and more heat loss

Question 21

what are endotherms, ectotherms, homeotherms, and poikilotherms?

Answer 21

Endotherms- produce adequate heat to warm its own tissue
Ectotherms- relies on heat gained from the environment
Homeotherms- keep their body temperature constant
Poikilotherms- allow their body temperature to change depending on the environmental conditions

Question 22

what is the type of thermoregulation strategies humans use

Answer 22

endothermic homeotherms

Question 23

what is torpor?

Answer 23

Torpor is a temporary drop in body temperature

Question 24

what is hibernation?

Answer 24

Hibernation is a longer drop in body temperature

Question 25

what is the differences between endotherms and ectotherms?

Answer 25

Endotherms have a higher metabolic rate, hence being more active but requires more energy. Ectotherms have a lower metabolic rate, which results in being less active, but it makes it so more energy can be used to support reproduction

Question 26

why is heat exchange important?

Answer 26

Heat exchange is important because overheating can cause denaturing of proteins, high temperature can lead to water loss, and low temperature can slow down enzyme function and energy production

Question 27

what are the mechanisms of heat exchange?

Answer 27

Conduction- transfer of heat between solid to solid
Convection- transfer of heat between gas or liquid to solid
Radiation- transfer of heat between two bodies not done physically
Evaporation- phase exchange from water to gas

Question 28

what is thermal conductivity

Answer 28

High thermal conductivity means quicker flow of heat, meaning high thermal conductivity equals feeling hotter.

Question 29

what is insulation?

Answer 29

a layer of air/water/tissue that decreases heat loss

Question 30

what is Allen’s and Bermann’s rule?

Answer 30

Allens rule= animals in cold climates display shorter limbs due to less folds conserving heat
Bermanns rule= animals in cold climates are larger because they have smaller surface area/volume ratio conserving heat

Question 31

how does heat exchange conserve heat?

Answer 31

by using countercurrent heat exchangers which has small gradients along their entire length