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Ecology > Lec 6 > Flashcards

Lec 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Involves direct interaction between individuals

A

Interference Competition

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2
Q

Is a condition where there is a limited supply of resources

A

Resource Limitation

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3
Q

Takes place when members of the same species compete

A

Intraspecific Competition

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4
Q

Happens between individuals of two species that reduces the fitness of both

A

Interspecific Competition

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5
Q

Competition involving the use of limited resources is called

A

Exploitative Competition or Resource Competition

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6
Q

Tilman and Cowan (1989)

A

Intraspecific Competition Among Plants

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7
Q

As the stand of trees develops, more and more biomass is composed of fewer and fewer individuals, a process called

A

Self-thinning

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8
Q

Denno and Roderick (1992)

A

Intraspecific Competition In Animals

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9
Q

Grosholz (1992)

A

Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods

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10
Q

G.F. Gause (1934)

A

Competitive Exclusion and Niches

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11
Q

States that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely

A

Competitive Exclusion Principle

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12
Q

Linked differences in beak size and form among Darwin’s finches to differences in their feeding niches

A

David Lack (1947)

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13
Q

Represented the feeding niches of Darwin’s finches by their beak morphology

A

Peter Grant (1986)

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14
Q

Large ground finch, eats larger seeds

A

Geospiza magnirostris

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15
Q

Medium ground finch, eats medium-sized seeds

A

Geospiza fortis

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16
Q

Small ground finch, eats small seeds

A

Geospiza fuliginosa

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17
Q

Niche overlap and competition between barnacles

A

The barnacle Balanus balanoides, located in the middle and lower Intertidal zones. While the Chthamalus stellatus, located in the upper Intertidal zone.

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18
Q

Indicate that the Balanus is limited to the middle and lower intertidal zones because it cannot withstand the longer exposure to air in the upper intertidal zone.

A

Joseph Connell (1961)

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19
Q

Is the circumstances in which two species differ more from each other in geographic areas where they occur together than where their distributions do not overlap

A

Character Displacement

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20
Q

Mark Taper and Ted Case (1992) six criteria for character displacement

A
  1. Morphological differences
  2. Genetic basis
  3. Different founder populations
  4. Known effect
  5. Demonstrated competition
  6. Differences in the resources available
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21
Q

Enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual

A

Exploitative Interaction

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22
Q

Consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants

A

Herbivores

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23
Q

Kill and consume other organisms

A

Predators

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24
Q

Live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host, but do not generally killing it

A

Parasites

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25
Q

An insect whose larva consumes it’s host and kills it in the process

A

Parasitoid

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26
Q

Induce disease, a debilitating condition, in their host

A

Pathogens

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27
Q

Is when one organism makes its living at the expense of another

A

Exploitation

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28
Q

Also known as the spiny-headed worms, that change the behavior of amphipods, small aquatic crustaceans

A

Acanthocephalans

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29
Q

Uninfected amphipods avoid the light

A

Negative phototaxis

30
Q

Infected amphipods swim toward light

A

Positive phototaxis

31
Q

Bethel and Holmes (1977)

A

Positive phototaxis

32
Q

A life stage of Acanthocephalan where it starts to infect it’s host

A

Cystacanth

33
Q

A process where plants grow tall quickly

A

Bolting

34
Q

Flower-like leaves

A

Pseudoflower

35
Q

Thomas park (1948)

A

Predation, parasitism, and competition in populations of Tribolium

36
Q

Flour bettle

A

Tribolium confusum

37
Q

Body cavity of bettle

A

Haemocoel

38
Q

Studied the influence of a herbivorous stream insect on the algal and bacterial populations upon which it feeds

A

Gary Lamberti and Vincent Resh (1983)

39
Q

They make up about 25% of the total biomass of benthic animals

A

Helicopsyche

40
Q

Mites that infesting red foxes in the North-central Sweden

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

41
Q

Proposed that cycles of abundance on snowshoe hare and lynx populations are driven by variation in amount of solar radiation as a consequence of sunspot cycles

A

Charles Elton (1924)

42
Q

Are situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites

A

Refuges

43
Q

Variety of Refuges

A

Flight for birds. Large size for some animals like elephant

44
Q

Many forms of spatial refuge

A
  1. Burrows
  2. Trees
  3. Air
  4. Water
  5. Land
45
Q

Living in a large group provides a type of refuge

A

Protection in Numbers

46
Q

Results in increasing rate of food intake as prey density increases

A

Predator functional response

47
Q

Results in increased predator density as prey density increases

A

Numerical response

48
Q

Functional response and numerical response are put together

A

Combined response

49
Q

Takes place when prey can endure their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities

A

Predator satiation

50
Q

The result of prey avoiding high-risk situations

A

The ecology of fear

51
Q

Proposed an alternative approach which focused on the functional response of predators

A

Roger Arditi

52
Q

States that functional response is determined only by the abundance of the prey

A

Prey-dependent functional response

53
Q

Are interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners

A

Mutualism

54
Q

An interaction between two species benefits one of them, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed

A

Commensalism

55
Q

Relationships of some species can live without their mutualistic partners

A

Facultative mutualism

56
Q

Relationships where other species are so dependent upon the mutualistic relationship that they cannot live in it absence

A

Obligate mutualism

57
Q

Examples of plant mutualism

A
  1. Nitrogen fixation
  2. Nutrient absorption
  3. Pollination
  4. Seed dispersal
58
Q

Was the first to correctly recognize that mycchorhizae involve a mutualistic relation between plants and fungi

A

Albert B. Frank

59
Q

Two common types of mychorrhizae

A
  1. Arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (AMF)
  2. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)
60
Q

Mychorrhizae and the water balance of plants

A

Kay Hardie (1985)

61
Q

Leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources called

A

Beltian bodies

62
Q

Reef-building corals and unicellular algae

A

Zooxanthellae

63
Q

Is growth in which all cell constituents, such as nitrogen, carbon, and DNA, increased at the same rate

A

Balanced growth

64
Q

Producing fixed carbon at a much higher rate than other cell constituents

A

Unbalanced growth

65
Q

Three kinds of individuals

A
  1. Successful mutualists
  2. Unsuccessful mutualists
  3. Nonmutualists
66
Q

Give and receive measurable benefits to another organism

A

Successful mutualists

67
Q

Give benefits to another organism but, for some reason, do not receive any benefit in return

A

Unsuccessful mutualists

68
Q

Neither giving nor receiving benefit from a mutualistic partner

A

Nonmutualists

69
Q

The fitness of plant that produces extrafloral nectaries and that successfully attracts ants effective at guarding it

A

Successful

70
Q

The fitness of a plant that produces extrafloral nectaries but that has not attracted enough ants to mount a successful defense

A

Unsuccessful

71
Q

The fitness of individuals of a plant such as Helianthella that does not produce extrafloral nectaries

A

Nonmutualistic

72
Q

Three variables decrease as distance to the nest decreases
Sign of honeyguide when near to the nest

A
  1. The time the bird stays out of sight during it’s first disappearance following the initial encounter
  2. The distance between stops makes by the bird on the way to the bees’ nest
  3. The height of the perch on the way to the nest

Ecology (6 decks)

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