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Bio 366 > Lec 5 > Flashcards

Lec 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Major landscape building features in Northern Systems

A

Glaciation and de-glaciation

Permafrost and melting permafrost

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2
Q

Pleistocene Glaciation coverage

A

30 percent of the world

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3
Q

Current glaciation in the world

A

11 percent

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4
Q

Wisconsin Glaciation

A

Covered most of the northern half of North America

Most recent glaciation (20k years ago)

Time since glacial cover highly variable- some areas or still covered others melted thousands of years ago

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5
Q

Northern ecosystems are relatively

A

Young

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6
Q

Laurentide Ice Sheet

A

Eastern North America

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7
Q

Cordilleran Ice sheet

A

Western North America

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8
Q

De- glaciation created

A

Creation of water systems and ecosystems

Fish and other species migrated north to fill out these systems

Tree species also dispersed into the North

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9
Q

Glaciation

A

Strips away soil, creates lake basins and riverbeds

Receded 20k years ago and forest gradually took over in Canada

Left strong imprints on the North

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10
Q

Boreal forest is only how many years old

A

5k

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11
Q

Evidence of glaciation

A

Glacial fluting

Glacial moraines

Raised beaches

Eskers

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12
Q

Permafrost

A

Earth material that has been below 0 degrees for more than 2 years so has become ice cemented

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13
Q

More permafrost

A

Farther north

Except in areas with Peatlands that provide ventilation

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14
Q

Permafrost continuous zone

A

Permafrost is everywhere

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15
Q

Discontinuous zones

A

Permafrost is spatially sporatic

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16
Q

Permafrost needs

A

Cold temperatures

17
Q

Active layer

A

Where plants can grow

More of this the farther south you go

18
Q

Why are peatlands so prevalent in the North

A

Permafrost restricts movement of water

Flat terrain can reduce water flow

Short summers and cold temperatures reduce rates of decomposition

19
Q

3 conditions for a peatland to form

A

Annual precipitation must be greater than 500mm

Annual temp cannot be too hot

Positive water balance

20
Q

Permafrost areas have an abundant amount of

A

Soil water that cannot be drained due to permafrost underneath

21
Q

Bog

A

A peatland that gets water from rain/snow falling

Water table at or slightly below surface

Low mineral content

22
Q

Bog water is very

A

Acidic due to organic acids from decomposition

23
Q

Paludification

A

The conversion of dry lands into peatlands

The drowning or submergence of upland ecosystems

24
Q

Limiting factors for plants in peatlands

A

Waterlogged (low oxygen)

Poor nutrients

High in toxins

25
Q

Acidophiles

A

Plants that thrive in acid environments

26
Q

4 types of bogs

A

Basin

Domed

Palsa

Peat plateau

27
Q

Spruce bog

A

Pond border bog- will likely become a basin bog

Black spruce, tamarack, and Labrador tea can tolerate conditions

28
Q

Formation of domed bog

A

Bogs fill area but peat continue to develop

Spread beyond original area

29
Q

Palsa

A

Has an ice core

A mound of peat that develops as a result of the formation of a number of ice lenses beneath the surface

30
Q

Fen

A

A peatland which is influenced by water outside its own limits

31
Q

Why to fens have greater plant diversity

A

Water is moving

High nutrients

32
Q

Rich fens are

A

Alkaline while poor are acidic

33
Q

Wetland development is function of

A

Climate

Geomorphology (Landform)

Hydrology

Chemistry

Biology

34
Q

Swamps

A

Forested wetlands, peatlands

Not as wet as fens, bogs, marshes

Associated with rivers, lakes and waterways

35
Q

Why are marshes and swamps usually found in more southern regions than peatlands

A

Because decomposition is temp dependent

36
Q

Marsh

A

Shallow surface water whose level fluctuates

Little accumulation of peat, high productivity, high decomposition

Herbaceous vegetation

Bio 366 (15 decks)

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