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Advanced Cells > lec 4-5 cytoskeleton > Flashcards

lec 4-5 cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

how does cytoskeleton help cell structure

A

cell shape/polarity
cell motility/plasticity
segregation of chromosomes

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2
Q

how does cytoskeleton involved with cell transport

A

endocytosis
secretion
segregation of organelles
communication between organelles

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3
Q

cytoskeleton and disease

A

route of entry for bacterial and viral pathogens

pathogens can exploit cytoskeleton to cause damage within a cell

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4
Q

mtoc

A

microtubule organising centre

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5
Q

role of microtubules in interphase

A

make up flagella - cell motility
if cytoskeleton is abnormal then affect cell shape/structure
positioning and movement of organelles

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6
Q

role of microtubules in mitosis

A

attach to chromosomes and pull them apart
ensure daughter cells have same amount of chromosome
partition of organelles
regulate cytokinesis

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7
Q

structure of microtubules

A

made of alpha and beta tubulin monomers that form dimers

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8
Q

heterodimers

A

made of alpha and a beta monomer in a dimer

bind to others to form microtubules

very straight and stable

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9
Q

minus end microtubule

A

alpha tublin

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10
Q

plus end microtubule

A

beta tubulin

controls dynamic of microtubules

GTP cap

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11
Q

dynamic instability of microbtubules

A

constantly growing and shrinking

polymerising

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12
Q

catastrophe

A

transition between growth and shrinkage

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13
Q

transition between shrinkage and growth

A

rescue

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14
Q

rate of shrinkage

A

depolymerisation

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15
Q

GTP

A

Guanine TriPhosphate

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16
Q

hydrolysed microtubules

A

less straight and stable

depolymerise

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17
Q

formation of microtubules

A

nucleation

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18
Q

pericentriolar material

A

PCM makes up the centrosome
surrounds the two centrioles
contains proteins for microtubule nucleation

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19
Q

effect of temperature on microtubules

A

high temperature favours polymerisation/growth

20
Q

colchicine drug

A

inhibits polymerisation of microtubules

used to treat gout

21
Q

paclitaxel drug

A

favours GTP state of tubulin

used in chemotherapy to destabilise mitotic spindle

22
Q

MAPs

A

microtubule associated proteins

23
Q

stathmin

A

binds to free tubulin and prevents it binding to microtubules

24
Q

motor protein

A

move along microtubule filaments using energy from hydrolysis of ATP

E.G. kinesin, dynein

25
Q

kinesin

A

move towards plus end of microtubule filament

26
Q

dynein

A

moves towards minus end of microtubule filament

27
Q

functions of actin

A 
cytokinesis - contractile ring
cell adhesion
cell migration
transport of cargo between cells
cell polarity
28
Q

actin structure

A

G actin polymerises to form linear F actin

2 filaments form a thread

29
Q

plus end actin

A

barbed

molecules added

30
Q

minus end actin

A

pointed

molecules removed

31
Q

treadmilling

A

molecules added to plus end of actin and removed from the other

filament moves in plus end direction

32
Q

function of branch filament

A

push plasma membrane

33
Q

nucleation of straight actin filaments

A

formins

34
Q

nucleation of branched actin filametns

A

Arp 2/3 complex

35
Q

nucleation by formins

A

2 domains - homodimer
2FH1 domain and 2FH2
binds to plus-end of existing filament

36
Q

nucleation by Arp 2/3

A

Arp2/3 have similar structure to actin
serves as nucleation sites for new actin filaments
actin binds to complex
causes elongation

37
Q

what causes branching in actin filaments

A

Arp2/3 complex nucleation

38
Q

Arp 2/3 complex

A

7 protein subunits

found at minus end of actin

39
Q

more F-actin..

A

..means more polymerisation induced

40
Q

myosin

A

motor protein

head domain binds to actin
energy used from hydrolysis of ATP
moves by temporarily detaching from filament
moves towards barbed plus end
short distances only
41
Q

plasma to synapse is long distance…

A

microtubule transport more effective

42
Q

why do intermediate filament proteins lose their polarity

A

monomers interact in both parallel and anti-parallel manners to form dimers

43
Q

why is no energy needed for formation of intermediate filaments

A

intra-binding
many N- and C- terminals, they bind to one another

causes them to be very strong

44
Q

where are intermediate filaments foudn

A 
tissues:
connective
epithelial
muscual
nervous
45
Q

keratin monomers

A

bind to form intermediate filaments
found in epithelial tissue
hair/nails/cornea

Advanced Cells (10 decks)

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