lec 3: dispersal and migration Flashcards
what does ELC stand for
Ecological Land Classification
what does ELC do
system that subdivides the country into increasingly detailed levels
name the levels of of ecology starting at broad scale –> fine scale
- ecozone
- ecoregions
- ecodistricts
- ecosections
- ecosites
- vegetation types and substrate types
what is an ecoregion
- unique area of land and water, nested within one of ON ecozones
what factors determine ecoregions?
- defined by range/ pattern in climate incl. temp, precipitation and humidity
- this effects soil formation, vegetation types and animals
what ecoregion is london in
7E lake erie/ lake ontario
what % of ON does the 7E ecoregion encompass?
2.2%; extends from Windsor and Sarnia east to Niagara and toronto, with shoreline on Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario
what % of the 7E ecoregion has been converted to cropland and pasture
78
what % of the 7E ecoregion has been converted to developed land?
7
what % of remaining forests are dense dec.? Sparse dec.? mixed dec.
- 10.3
- 1.0
- 0.8
why is this ecoregion the most endangered in Canada?
-large amount of of natural habitat that has been drained, cut, and converted into agri. and suburban land use
what is significant about the 7E ecoregion?
- most diverse flora and fauna in Canada
- supports the largest remnants of tall grass prairie in province
- most heavily urbanized and industrialized in ON
what is an ecodistrict? how is it defined?
area of land and water contained within an ecoregion
- characteristic set of physical features, including bedrock, geological features and topography
- local climatic factors ( ie lake effect snowfall areas)
what is an ecosite? how are they defined?
- represent mapping units and integrate a consistent set of environmental factors and vegetation conditions
- abiotic ( soil, hydology ect) and biotic (plant community)
what is the primary soil attributes used to differentiate ecosites?
soil texture and moisture regime
what determines size of ecosystem?
dependent on organism using it
describe spatial patterns?
describe the distribution of individuals within their habitat
what are the 3 types of spatial patterns?
- dispersion
- dispersal
- migration
describe dispersion
the evenness of the pop’ns distributions through space- the concept
describe dispersal
the indv ogranism movement; usually counterbalanced by movement of other indv in the other direction- the act
describe migration
the mass directional movement of large number of species from one location to another
what are the 4 types of dispersal
1, passive
- passive dispersal by mutualistic agent
- active dispersal
- clonal dispersal
describe passive dispersal
- seed ex.
- most seeds fall close to parent, density decreasing as distance from parent increases
- eventual seed destination depends on location of parent but actual location and suitability of microhabitat is by chance
describe passive dispersal by mutualistic agent
-adding factor of additional chance for dispersal ex burr
what type of dispersal describes by seed?
passive
what type of dispersal describes by burr?
passive dispersal by mutualistic agent
what is active dispersal
many animals control their explorations to “stop” when find suitable habitat
what type of dispersal describes many animals control their explorations to “stop” when find suitable habitat
active dispersal
describe clonal dispersal ex?
modular organisms expand in size by creating underground offshoots that sprout to become new plants ex Pando
what type of dispersal describes modular organisms expand in size by creating underground offshoots that sprout to become new plants
clonal dispersal
what are the 3 patterns of dispersion?
- random
- regular/ uniform
- Aggregated/ clustered
describe random dispersion
equal probability of an organism occupying a space at any point in time
describe regular/ uniform dispersion
- indv tends to avoid others
- ex territoriality or allelopathy
describe aggregated/ clustered dispersion
- when indv are attracted together or tend to cluster together than what would happen by chance
ex. sheep or pod of whales
why do animals migrate?
strategy to overcome the lack or resources at certain times of the year ex monarch
what is rate of colonization
- dependent upon having empty patches that are able to be colonized
-dependent upon species in the area that are able to provide colonizers
ie if there aren’t good habitats, wont be any target species. if good habitats available and vice versa
what is rate of extinction
-just related to those patches of extinction
what is a source patch?
one that donates colonizers to a patch
what is a sink patch
one that is accepting of colonizers
what is pollination
-act/ process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma
what % of plants rely of pollinators?
80
name 7 factors that are risk factors for bees?
- poor queen quality
- mites ( Varroa)
- weather
- weak colonies in the fall
- fungal pathogen
- stravation
- weather
rank the top 4 reasons for bee colony mortality in ON
- poor queens
- starvation
- weak colonies in fall
- weak Varrao control
what are the 6 needs a a bee according to Maslow
-food, water, air, safety, shelter, sex
what are the 2 basic habitat needs of a pollinator
- diversity of flowering plants
2. egg- laying/ nesting sites
what do pollinators need?
- variety of flowering plants with dif blooming times
- a un mulched area to nest
- larval plants ie milkweed
- BEEware bee hotels
