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Surgery I > Lec 26: Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery > Flashcards

Lec 26: Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

the use of an instrument to visualize the interior of an organ or body cavity that cannot be examined without surgery, this is called ___.

A

endoscopy

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2
Q

an endoscope that can bend to look and/or move around corners is called _____ endoscopy.

A

flexible

(ability to make bends more than 180 degrees is typical for most flexible scopes)

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3
Q

____ endoscopes have a
handle
insertion tube
umbilical cord
biopsy channel
immersible scope

A

flexible

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4
Q

identify the parts of the flexible gastroduodenoscope

A

A - umbilical cord (attaches scope to light source)
B - handle
C- insertion tube (introduced into the patient)

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5
Q

a ____ _____ is part of a flexible endoscope which is a passage to place instruments through scope (ex: biopsy forceps, body retrieval forceps, aspiration tubes, cytology brushes) and aspirate air or liquids.

A

biopsy channel

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6
Q

_______ scopes have handles placed in water without risk of damage.

A

immersible

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7
Q

a _____ endoscopy is a plastic or metal scope that cannot bend.

A

rigid

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8
Q

a ____ endoscope has an obturator and trocar.

A

rigid

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9
Q

a/an ____ is a device placed through hollow endoscope to facilitate insertion of scope into an organ (ex: esophagus, colon)

A

obturator

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10
Q

a/an ____ is an obturator with a sharp point to facilitate penetration through tissue.

A

trocar

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11
Q

a _____ endoscope is inserted into the body through skin & soft tissue or a natural orifice through portals.

A

rigid

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12
Q

rigid endoscope portals are defined by use.

  • scope inserted through scope or ____ portal
  • power hand hand tools inserted through _____ portal
A

camera ; instrument

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13
Q

_____ are metal tubes that maintain portals and protect instruments in rigid endoscopy

A

cannulas

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14
Q

______ is visualization of instruments through scope to perform biospies or therapeutic procedures within the body cavity.

A

triangulation

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15
Q

a _____ is endoscopy of the peritoneal cavity.

A

laparoscopy

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16
Q

arthroscopes are always used through _____

A

cannulas

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17
Q

________ is the insertion of an endoscope, arthroscope or other instrument into a joint

A

instrumenting

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18
Q

in arthroscopy, ______ is visualization of instruments through a scope in a manner to perform biopsies or therapeutic procedures within a joint.

A

triangulation

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19
Q

____ or ingress is fluid flowing into a joint.

A

inflow

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20
Q

outflow or ____ is fluid flowing out of the joint

A

egress

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21
Q

second look arthroscopy is a _____ arthroscopy of joint previously scoped.

A

repeat

22
Q

endoscopy is _____ only when successful, and eliminates the need for more invasive surgery.

A

valuable

23
Q

if not sufficiently ______ or not performing ____ often enough to maintain expertise, patients should be referred for endoscopy.

A

trained ; procedure

24
Q

indications for _________ include: gastric and intestinal biopsy/cytology for diagnosis of infiltrative and lymphatic disorders.

  • mass, ulceration, erosion, lymphangiectasia, Physaloptera infestation
  • removal of FB
  • placement of gastrostomy tube
  • find location of a lesion (ulcer)
  • remove gastric polyps
A

gastroduodenoscopy (endoscopy of esophagus, stomach and duodenum)

25
Q

indications for a ________ include:

  • removal of FB
  • dx and dilation of strictures
  • aid in placing stents
  • dx of esophagitis
  • biopsy tumors
A

esophagoscopy

26
Q

indications for _______ include:

  • biopsy of colon, rectum, ileum, cecum for infiltrative disorders
  • identification of whipworm infestations
  • dx/removal of polyps
  • dx of cecocolic intussusception
A

protoscopy/colonoscopy

27
Q

indications for a _______ include:

  • identifying lar par, elongated soft palate and or everted laryngeal saccules
  • removal of FB
  • biopsy a mass or other infiltrative lesions
A

laryngoscopy

28
Q

indications for a ______ include:

  • dx of ectopic ureters
  • biopsy proliferative lesions in urethra/bladder (carninomas)
  • inj of collagen into urethra to control incontinence
A

cystoscopy

29
Q

indications for a ______ include:

  • ID/biopsy of masses/infiltrative lesions (incl. lung biopsy)
  • chest tube placement for animals w/ severe pyothorax
  • to see if thoracotomy is appropriate & what approach to use
  • pericardectomy, ligation/resection of PRAA
A

thoracoscopy

30
Q

indications for a ____ include:

  • ID lesions (collapsed trachea)
  • bronchoalveolar lavage or brushing of trachea/broncus for cytology
  • removal of FB
  • ID lung lobe torsion
  • biopsy mucosa
  • placement of stents
A

bronchoscopy

31
Q

indications for a _____ include:

  • removal of FB
  • biopsy/cytology of mass lesions & mucosa for infiltrative disorders
  • ID & biopsy of aspergillomas
  • ID source of epistaxis/chronic nasal discharge
A

rhinoscopy

32
Q

indications for _____ examination

  • removal of FB
  • cytology/culture of caudal nares
  • ID of & biopsy of prolif disorders
  • ID, dilation & stenting of nasopharyngeal stenosis
  • ID of nasal mites
A

posterior nares (choanal)

33
Q

indications for _______:

  • exam & biopsy of abdominal viscera
  • determine if celiotomy is warranted
  • gastropexy, jejunostomy tube, OVH, removal of retained testicle
A

laparoscopy

34
Q

indications for: _______

  • ID/biopsy of lesions
  • removal of loose bodies (cartilage/bone fragments, torn meniscus)
  • topical management of osteoarthritis - abrasion arthroplasty, microfracture
  • joint lavage for sepsis
  • assisted fracture repair
  • assisted joint stabilization
A

arthroscopy

35
Q

flexible endoscopes in comparison to rigid scopes

  • ______ (less/greater) access to sites in viscous organs
  • _____(less/more) expensive than rigid scopes
  • ______(easier/harder) to damage & requires training to assemble and clean without damaging
  • requires substantial training to use properly
A

greater

more

easier

36
Q

rigid endoscopes in comparison to flexible endoscopes

  • _____(less/more) expensive than flexible scopes
  • _____(less/more) durable
  • _____(easier/harder) to learn to use
  • capable of larger biopsies
A

less

more

easier

37
Q

we should always use a ____ gag in endoscopic procedures.

A

mouth

38
Q

never subject flexible scopes to ____, especially autoclaving

A

heat

39
Q

advance your scope only if you can ____ where you are going!

A

see

40
Q

if you cannot see what is happening, ____ scope out a little, OR ____ air/infuse some ____ into lumen.

A

back ; insufflate ; fluid

41
Q

aim the scope towards the ____ of the lumen

A

center (UNLESS looking at a specific lesion)

42
Q

do not insert an endoscope into your patient any _____ than you would want a physician to insert it into you!

A

harder

43
Q

advantages of using endoscopy to remove foreign objects

  • ____ than surgery
  • less ____ to patient
  • reduced tissue ____, morbidity & recovery time
  • reduced ____ to client
A

faster ; stressful ; trauma ; cost

44
Q

disadvantages of endoscopy removal of foreign objects

  • cannot remove __ objects
  • can hurt patient with ____ technique
  • requires assortment of _____ FB retrieval devices
A

ALL ; careless ; expensive

45
Q

the most common arthroscopically performed procedure is _____ removal.

A

fragment

46
Q

arthroscopy is ____ (superior/inferior) to radiography in dx of joint disease

A

SUPERIOR

47
Q

arthroscopy allows _____ visualization of cartilage & soft tissue structures, provides magnification, and enables biopsy of ___ structures within the joint.

A

direct ; all

48
Q

the most significant diagnostic advantage of arthroscopy is the ability to assess the condition of the _____ surface.

A

cartilage

49
Q

common diagnoses with arthroscopy of the stifle are:

A

cruciate & meniscal disease

50
Q

common arthroscopic procedures in the stifle include ____ tear treatment, and ____ ligament debridement.

A

meniscal ; cruciate

51
Q

as a beginning arthroscopist, you may not be able to remove ___ fragments. be prepared to perform a _____.

A

ALL ; arthrotomy

Surgery I (10 decks)

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