Lec 25: Principles of Ortho Surgery

Question 1

veterinarians should be aware of their limitations in surgery and ____ complicated cases when necessary

Answer 1

refer

Question 2

bone transplanted from one animal to another of the same species is called a ___graft.

Answer 2

allo

Question 3

procedures to enhance surgical exposure of a joint are called _____ osteotomies.

Answer 3

apophyseal

Question 4

bone transplanted from one site to another in the SAME animal is called ___graft.

Answer 4

auto

Question 5

when the insertion point of a tendon or ligament is fractured and distracted from the rest of the bone, this is called an ____ fracture.

Answer 5

avulsion

Question 6

a span comminuted fracture is called

Answer 6

bridging plates

Question 7

____ wire is an orthopedic wire placed around the circumference of bone to compress an oblique fracture.

Answer 7

cerclage

Question 8

a _____ reduction is a fractured bone alignment performed without surgical exposure.

Answer 8

closed

Question 9

_____ plates act to compress the fracture.

Answer 9

compression

Question 10

the diaphysis or metaphysis of a bone is cut, realigned and stabilized until union occurs, this is called a _____ osteotomy, and it is an elective procedure.

Answer 10

corrective

Question 11

____ ____ is an abnormal movement of the stifle joint elicited during physical examination, and is caused by the tibia sliding cranially in relationship to the femur.

Answer 11

cranial drawer

Question 12

when we have a cranial drawer, this means that the ____ cruciate ligament is deficient in the stifle.

Answer 12

deficient

Question 13

______ is a “grating feel” or sound when manipulating a fractured bone or arthritic joint.

Answer 13

crepitation

Question 14

____ unions are fractures that heal more slowly than anticipated.

Answer 14

delayed

Question 15

_____ bone union is when the bone formed without evidence of callus

Answer 15

direct

Question 16

________ formation, is when the bone forms on the cartilaginous precursor.

Answer 16

endochondral

Question 17

external _____ is when we fix a fracture with casts or splints.

Answer 17

coaptation

Question 18

external _____ is when we fix a fracture with pins that penetrate the bone and skin, and are connected externally.

Answer 18

fixation

Question 19

a _____ fracture is an incomplete fracture where the portion of the cortex is intact.

Answer 19

greenstick

Question 20

this type of wire is placed through predrilled holes in the bone: _______-

Answer 20

hemicerclage wire or interfragmentary wire

Question 21

the process of restoring fragment and limb alignment by distracting major bone segments by using the animal’s weight is called _____ reduction.

Answer 21

indirect

Question 22

fracture fixation using internal implants to secure the bone is called _____ fixation

Answer 22

internal

Question 23

________ pins are implants positioned in the medullary canal of long bones.

Answer 23

intramedullary pins

Question 24

_______ bone formation is direct differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, and the bone forms without a cartilagenous precursor.

Answer 24

intramembranous

Question 25

_____ is the complete dislocation of a joint.

Answer 25

luxation

Question 26

a ___union is a healed fracture where the anatomic bone alignment was not achieved or maintained during healing.

Answer 26

mal

Question 27

a ______ plate supports a reconstructed fracture.

Answer 27

neutralization

Question 28

a ___union is a fracture with an arrested repair process which requires surgical intervention to created an environment conductive to bone healing.

Answer 28

non

Question 29

a ______ placement is a pin which is started at one end of the bone and driven into the fracture area, and then seated at the other end of the bone.

Answer 29

normograde

Question 30

a ____ fracture is exposed to the external atmosphere.

Answer 30

open

Question 31

an ____ (direct) reduction is a fracture repair that is performed after surgical approach to bone.

Answer 31

open

Question 32

_____ maneuver is manipulation used to subluxate a dysplastic hip.

Answer 32

ortolani

Question 33

an ______ is the removal of a segment of bone.

Answer 33

ostectomy

Question 34

______ is an inflammatory condition of the bone and medullary canal.

Answer 34

osteomyelitis

Question 35

_______ is a procedure where bone is cut into two segments

Answer 35

osteotomy

Question 36

the cranial bowing of a bone is called ______.

Answer 36

procurvatum

Question 37

______ is partial dislocation of a joint

Answer 37

subluxation

Question 38

_____ deformity is the angulation of a distal portion of the limb laterally

Answer 38

valgus

Question 39

_____ deformity is the angulation of the distal portion of the limb medially

Answer 39

varus

Question 40

the goal for treating a fracture, nonunion or bone deformities is always bone ______, and the patient's return to ______ function.

Answer 40

union ; normal

Question 41

surgical planning is important to avoid implant ___, ____ healing, _____, and ___union.

Answer 41

failure ; delayed ; infection ; nonunion

Question 42

fracture _____ allows for accurate communication with owners and colleagues to aid in appropriate treatment planning.

Answer 42

classification

Question 43

the ___ and ______ are evaluated accurately in order to classify the fracture

Answer 43

limb ; radiographs

Question 44

Basis of Fracture Classification 1. Whether the fracture is ___ or ____ to the enviornment. 2. Degree of _____ and _______ of fragments. 3. ____ of fracture 4. Reducible or ______ 5. _____ of fracture.

Answer 44

1. open ; closed 2. damage ; displacement 3. type 4. nonreducible 5. location

Question 45

whether or not the fracture fragments can be reconstructed to provide a load bearing

Answer 45

reducible or nonreducible

Question 46

a ____ fracture: - occurs in immature animals - incomplete fracture where portion of the cortex is intact - partially stabilized bone - generally splintable

Answer 46

greenstick

Question 47

a ____ fracture occurs when the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of bone.

Answer 47

transverse

Question 48

a/an ____ fracture lines run at an angle to a line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

Answer 48

oblique

Question 49

short oblique fractures are ___ degrees or less.

Answer 49

45

Question 50

long oblique fractures are greater than ___ degrees to the perpendicular to long axis of the bone.

Answer 50

45

Question 51

a/an ____ fracture is similar to long oblique fractures but wrap along the axis of the bone.

Answer 51

spiral

Question 52

____ fractures have ONE fracture line.

Answer 52

single

Question 53

______ fractures have MULTIPLE fracture lines

Answer 53

comminuted

Question 54

comminuted fracture can range from having ___ piece fractures with butterfly fragment to highly comminuted fractures with ___ or more pieces.

Answer 54

3 ; 5

Question 55

reducible or non reducible?

Answer 55

reducible

Question 56

reducible or non reducible?

Answer 56

nonreducible

Question 57

diaphyseal, metaphyseal, physeal, articular, are all ____ classfications of the fracture.

Answer 57

location

Question 58

___-velocity forces create single fractures with little energy dissipated into soft tissue.

Answer 58

low

Question 59

___-velocity forces create comminuted fractures with high energy dissipated through fracture propagation & surrounding soft tissue injury

Answer 59

high

Question 60

open fractures are classified according to: 1. ____ of puncture 2. ____ of soft tissue injury

Answer 60

1. mechanism 2. severity

Question 61

grade __ open fractures have a small puncture hole located in skin in the proximity of the fracture caused by bone penetrating to the outside. bone may or may not be visible in the wound.

Answer 61

I

Question 62

grade __ open fractures have variably sized skin wounds associated with the fracture that resulted from EXTERNAL trauma. - there is more damage to soft tissue here than with grade I open fractures. - fracture is minimally or not comminuted

Answer 62

II

Question 63

grade __ open fractures have severe bone fragmentation with extensive soft tissue injury, with or without skin loss. - usually high velocity comminuted fractures like ___ injuries, and ____ type injuries of the distal extremities.

Answer 63

III ; gunshot ; shearing

Question 64

salter harris type __ fractures run through the physis

Answer 64

I

Question 65

salter harris type __ fractures run through the physis & portion of the metaphysis

Answer 65

II

Question 66

salter harris type __ fractures run through the physis & epiphysis and are generally articular

Answer 66

III

Question 67

salter harris type __ fractures are articular running through the epiphysis, across the physis, and through the metaphysis

Answer 67

IV

Question 68

salter harris type __ fractures are crushing injuries of the physis - not visible radiographically but become evident several weeks later when the physeal function ceases

Answer 68

V

Question 69

salter harris type VI classification is used to describe ___ physeal closures from damage to a portion of the physis, which causes an asymmetric closure.

Answer 69

partial

Question 70

what type of force acted on this fractured bone?

Answer 70

bending

Question 71

what type of force acted this fractured bone?

Answer 71

torsion

Question 72

what type of force acted on this fractured bone?

Answer 72

axial loading

Question 73

what forces acted on this fractured bone?

Answer 73

axial compression and bending

Question 74

what type of force acted on this fractured bone?

Answer 74

high energy

Question 75

what data should we include in our fracture assessment score?

Answer 75

patient info, rads, client info

Question 76

FAS reflects three factors: _____ factors _____ factors _____ factors

Answer 76

mechanical, biologic, clinical

Question 77

the clinical factors include the environment where _____ must function, and owner ______.

Answer 77

implants ; compliance

Question 78

mechanical, biological, clinical factors from FAS score guide the type of _____ chosen

Answer 78

implants

Question 79

mechanical factors for patient assessment: conditions on the left: are ______ (reducible/non-reducible) and multiple limb injury - _____ stress on implant system which requires careful ____ choice and application

Answer 79

non-reducible ; maximum ; implant

Question 80

mechanical factors for patient factor assessment: conditions on right - ___ (more/less) stress to implant system ____ risk of complications

Answer 80

LESS ; reduced

Question 81

biologic factors determining FAS on the left: ___ (do/do not) favor rapid healing - implant system must function for _____ (prolonged/short) period.

Answer 81

DO NOT ; prolonged

Question 82

biologic factors determining FAS on the right: ___ (do/do not) favor rapid healing - implant system must function for _____ (prolonged/short) period.

Answer 82

DO ; short

Question 83

clinical factors determining patient FAS - clinical factors on the left require _______(comfortable/any) implant system - requires ____ (lots/little) postoperative maintenance

Answer 83

comfortable ; little

Question 84

clinical factors determining patient FAS - clinical factors on the right require _______(comfortable/any) implant system

Answer 84

ANY ; regardless of post-op maintenance

Question 85

8-10 would be considered (high/mod/low) on FAS

Answer 85

HIGH

Question 86

4-7 would be considered (high/mod/low) on FAS

Answer 86

mod

Question 87

1-3 would be considered (high/mod/low) on FAS

Answer 87

low

Question 88

fractures with ___(high/low) scores generally heal successfully with few complications

Answer 88

high

Question 89

fractures at the (lower/higher) and of the scale potentially are less successful with more complications

Answer 89

lower