LEC 23 - OCEAN CONSERVATION

Question 1

what is the state of turtles in terms of conservation

Answer 1

not good
many turtles are endemic, and most are endangered species

Question 2

what distinguishes leatherback turtles?

Answer 2

bony ‘leathery’ skin that is aerodynamic + resistant to pressure of depths

Question 3

what is ecosystem management?

Answer 3

calculation of the economic value that an ecosystem provides

Question 4

what are foundation species, trophic cascading species, and resource species?

Answer 4

foundation species: species that provide habitat to other species (ex kelp, coral)

trophic cascading species: species that live off of other species (ex. urchins that eat kelp)

resources species: “the other dudes that make up the ecosystem” (check back on this)

Question 5

what are EBSAs?

Answer 5

Ecologically/Biologically Significant Areas, which are areas deemed critical by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Question 6

what are MPAs?

Answer 6

Marine Protected Areas, which guarantee protection over certain areas (like. legally).

Question 7

if only 2.5% of corals are protected, what protects the rest?

Answer 7

they are in passive protection areas, which means they are so remote they realistically aren’t in danger

Question 8

what makes an effective Marine Protected Area?

Answer 8

NEOLI!!
No take (licensing enforcement = no touch)
Enforced
Old (>10yr)
Large (>100 sq km)
Isolated by deep water or sand

(old means that it establishes itself + recovers from human impact)

Question 9

what are the responsibilities that Oceans Act’s outlines?

Answer 9

• legally defines Canada’s ocean boundaries
• regulates fisheries
• oversees marine protected areas

Question 10

what are the goals of the Oceans Action plan? (4)

Answer 10

• international leadership, sovereignty, and security (in close proximity w the US and mexico who face the same problems, we can work together with them to solve our issues)
• sustainable development (hey the oceans hold a lot of money if we play our cards right)
• health of the oceans (we have a significant effect on the ocean so maybe we stop)
• ocean science + tech (means of supporting other 3 pillars)

Question 11

what are LOMAs?

Answer 11

Large Ocean Management Areas, which are large areas that are protected

Question 12

what are OECMs?

Answer 12

Other Effective Conservation Measures, which are conservation areas that are not currently protected areas or parks

ex. native prairie grasslands managed for sustainable beef prod

Question 13

what is an AOI?

Answer 13

Area of Interest, which we may want to look into as potential marine protected areas

Question 14

how do we establish MPAs? (6. steps)

Answer 14

1. select an AOI
2. conduct an assessment of the AOI
3. develop a draft of regulatory intent, incl regulatory measures
4. consult w stakeholders + conduct cost/benefit analysis
5. develop regulations for MPA designation
6. manage ur newly formed MPA

Question 15

what is integrated management? (3 components)

Answer 15

determination on how to monitor MPAs by
- scientists (create monitoring measures)
- stakeholders (make measures cost effective)
- managers (implement measures)

Question 16

how are boundaries formalized? what spatial considerations must be made? what is one example of this?

Answer 16

they are published in the canadian gazette (legalized)

spacial considerations include lateral (around the area) and vertical (above/below the area)

example is glass sponges, which were found to be affected by sediments stirred by trawling

Question 17

what is the relevance of the CSAS?

Answer 17

the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat turns science into policy

Question 18

what are Canada’s commitments to ocean conservation? are we successful?

Answer 18

25% by 2025, 30% by 2030, 50% by 2050

as of feb 2023, we are at 14.6% - we aren’t close

Question 19

what are paper parks?

Answer 19

legally protected areas that are not funded –> functionally not protected

Question 20

what are the guiding principles of the Oceans Action plan?

Answer 20

sustainable development: develop sustainable tech

integrated management: create cost effective protection measures

precautionary approach: when there isn’t science to know for sure, be careful