Lec 22: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between endocrine and exorcine galnds

A
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2
Q

Difference between endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

A
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3
Q

Hormones don’t have to use the bloodstream to reach their targets

A
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4
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substance released into the
ECF that regulates the metabolic
function of other cells in the body

hormones must bind to specific
receptors

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5
Q

hormones are specific; level of target cell activation depends on:

A

(i) hormone concentration
(ii) target cell receptor content
(iii) affinity of hormone for receptor

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6
Q

Mechanism of Hormone Action:

A

hormones alter levels of cell activity:
» membrane permeability/potential (channels)
» synthesis of enzymes within cells
» enzyme activation/deactivation
» induction of secretory activity
» stimulation of mitosis

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7
Q

3 structural groups of hormones

A

(i) amino acids, peptides, proteins
(ii) steroid hormones (derivatives of cholesterol)
(iii) eicosanoids (derivatives of arachidonic acid) – e.g. prostaglandins

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8
Q

2 main mechanisms of action

Peptide/protein hormones:

A

water soluble, so cannot cross plasma membrane;

bind to a cell surface receptor » activation of membrane- bound G protein » production of 2nd messenger

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9
Q

Steroid hormones:

A

lipid soluble; they can enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription

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10
Q

hormones are potent

A

don’t need much to get a significant effect because the effects are amplified

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11
Q

Blood Level depends on:

A
  • rate of synthesis
  • rate of degradation/clearance from blood
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12
Q

Half-Life

A

persistence of a hormone in the blood; usually < 1 min to a week

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13
Q

time to onset

A
  • if enzyme activation - rapid (minutes)
  • if enzyme synthesis - hours to days
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14
Q

Control of Hormone Release

A

usually negative feedback (setpoint); sometimes positive feedback (goal)

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15
Q

3 types of stimuli:

A

humoral, neural & hormonal

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16
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

hormone secretion in direct response to change in blood level of a nutrient, ion [eg: parathyroid hormone (PTH) & blood
calcium; insulin & blood glucose]

17
Q

Neural stimuli:

A

not as common, eg: sympathetic ns & epinephrine release by adrenal medulla, hypothalamic neurons & oxytocin release

18
Q

Hormonal stimuli:

A

3-tiered system involving hypothalamus, pituitary & target endocrine gland - concept of hypothalamic-pituitary axis

19
Q

Hormonal Stimulus (an example of the 3-tiered system)

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
(hypothalamus)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(anterior pituitary)

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
(thyroid gland)

20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

is neural; produces a number of releasing factors (hormones) which travel to anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system

21
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

22
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System (function)

A

is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland

23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • size & shape of a pea
  • infundibulum connects pituitary to
    hypothalamus
24
Q

Posterior Lobe

A
  • consists of axon terminals
  • can think of it as a hormone storage area
  • antidiuretic hormone (SON)
    oxytocin (PVN)
25
antidiuretic hormon
chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine. A low level results in greater urine production
26
oxytocin
natural hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation after childbirth. It also affects aspects of human behavior and the male and female reproductive systems
27
Table
28
The Complete Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Organ System
29
# Summary Autonomic Nervous System
* sympathetic versus parasympathetic motor output * fast response * pathways to reach target organs
30
# Summary Endocrine System
* hormones released into extracellular fluid and often travel to target organs via bloodstream * slower response time but response can be long-lived * different chemical classes of hormones with associated mechanisms of action