Lec 21: Language, Memory & Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Antagonistic Interactions

Heart Rate
GI System
Respiratory System

A

PNS: slows down heart rate
SNS: accelerate heart rate

PNS: ↑ secretion, motility, blood flow; ↓constrictions
SNS: ↓ gastric acid production, digestive enzyme release, gallbladder function; ↑ insulin and glucose levels

PNS: ↓ Respiratory rate
SNS: ↑ Respiratory Rate

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2
Q

Actions handled only by one branch of the ANS

SNS and Vascular Tone

No action for PNS

A

SNS is the effector of neurogenic control of vascular tone, inducing mainly vasoconstriction of small resistance arteries

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3
Q

Actions handled only by one branch of the ANS

PNS and Heart

A

At rest, has a tonic slowing effect on the heart at the level of the sinoatrial nod

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4
Q

SNS regulation only

A

adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili
muscles of hair follicles, kidneys, most blood vessels, hermoregulatory responses to heat, renin release from kidneys

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5
Q

Metabolic effects

A

(i) increases metabolic rate of body cells
(ii) raises blood glucose levels
(iii) stimulates mobilization of fats
(iv) increases mental alertness
(v) increases speed/strength of muscle contraction

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Acetylcholine

A

plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement

Medical conditions associated with low acetylcholine levels include Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Nicotinic Receptors

A

found on all ganglionic neurons of both the SNS and PNS and the hormone- producing cells of the adrenal medulla

ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory

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8
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

On all effector cells innervated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

Depends on the subclass of receptor as to whether the effect of ACh
binding is stimulatory or inhibitory

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9
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Adrenergic receptors; NE is released only by postganglionic fibers of SNS
  • 2 major types: alpha (α) and beta (β)
  • Effects can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on receptor subtype and organ
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10
Q

REMEMBER

Hypothalamus

A

> anterior regions are parasympathetic
posterior area is sympathetic

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11
Q

How are ANS and Hypothalamus related

A

contains centres to coordinate heart
activity, blood pressure, body temp, water balance,endocrine activity; also centres that help mediate emotions & biological drives

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12
Q

Language

A

involves almost all of the association cortex on the left side of the brain in some way

Broca-Wernicke loop is also functional in individuals who are deaf
and use sign language

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13
Q

Damage to Broca’s area

A

can understand language but have
difficulty speaking, possibly also with writing and sign language

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14
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area

A

can speak but speech is often a “word
salad” and they have trouble understanding language as well

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15
Q

Paul Broca

A

In 1861 when autopsying brain of
a patient who could understand spoken language but could not communicate by
speaking or writing, PB identified area of
lesion.

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16
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

In 1871,CW identified area of lesion found in
brains of people who could speak but whose
speech was often incoherent, didn’t make sense.

17
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas interact with ___ and function

A

basal nuclei in order to
create a language implementation system that analyzes both incoming and outgoing word sounds as well as grammatical structures

18
Q

Right side

A

body language, gestures, tone of voice and emotional context of speech

19
Q

Memory

A
  • the storage and retrieval of information
  • need memories so we can learn, so we can adjust behaviour based on experience
20
Q

Different kinds of memory

A
  1. Declarative (fact-based) memory: names, faces, words, dates
  2. Procedural (skill-based) memory: playing an instrument, typing on a keyboard
  3. Motor memory: e.g. riding a bike
  4. Emotional memory: e.g. fear when you hear what sounds like a shotgun
21
Q

Declarative Memory

A

2 stages:
* short-term (working) memory – temporary (15-30 sec) holding bin; limited to 7-8
chunks
* long-term memory (storage) – limitless capacity but can forget things with time

22
Q

The Process

A

we may or may not choose to
transfer that to LTM – this is
influenced by:
* emotional state – helped by
release of NE
* rehearsal
* association
* and some it just happens
automatically

23
Q

Consolidation

A

involves considerable passing information from various cortical areas through the hippocampus; the hippocampus sorts them by
comparing with previous recorded ones, creates associations and then sends them back to be stored as memory traces

24
Q

Skill memory

A

involves motor activity and is acquired through practice; involves communication between the basal nuclei and the premotor cortex
as well as release of dopamine by the substantia nigra; results are automatic connections between a stimulus and a motor response

25
Mechanisms of Memory
* neuronal RNA content is altered * dendritic spines change shape * extracellular proteins deposited at synapses involved in LTM * number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase * more NT is released by presynaptic neurons * new hippocampal neurons appea
26
Four Types of Brain Waves
1. Alpha waves: (8-13 Hz) 2. Beta waves: (14-30 Hz) 3. Theta waves: (4-7 Hz) 4. Delta waves: (4 Hz or less)
27
Alpha Waves
waves are regular and rhythmic; a brain that is “idling”
28
Beta Waves
waves also rhythmic but less regular and higher frequency; mentally alert, concentrating on something
29
Theta Waves
more irregular; common in children but rare in adults; seen sometimes when concentrating
30
Delta Waves
high amplitude waves characteristic of deep sleep and when RAS is suppressed (e.g. during anaesthesia); if seen in an awake adult, are indicative of brain damage
31
Consciousness
encompasses perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgement, perseverance, and so on)
32
4 levels of Consciousness
1. alertness 2. drowsiness or lethargy 3. stupor 4. coma
33
Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles
34
Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles (explained)
35
# Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy
sudden lapsing into sleep from the awake state at any time of day; also extreme daytime sleepiness; suggested to be an autoimmune disease in which hypothalamic orexins are destroyed by the immune system
36
# Sleep Disorders Insomnia
chronic inability to obtain sufficient sleep/sleep quality (usually 7- 8 hours for adults); can result from anxiety, depression, overuse of caffeine, using screens close to bedtime
37
# Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep – often due to muscle relaxation and obstruction of air pathway