lec 2 Flashcards
define resp
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describe evolution of respiration
increase in size of the animals, diffusion distance and metabolic rate, going from reptiles to mammals (warm blooded) you increase the temperature, you increase the metabolic rate which increases the demand for oxygen
what are the main muscles of breathing?
external intercostal muscles contract during inspiration
internal intercostal muscles contract during expiration
the main muscle of inspiration is the diagraphm (70% of the inspiratory effort is driven by the diaphragm). this is controlled by the phrenic nerves i think
label the pleura and muscles associated with the lungs
what happens when air flows in vs when air flows out
diaphragm moves downwards and outwards during expiration
bucket handle analogy?
moving the handle up moves upwards but also move outwards, which means that the volume of the chest is increasing
Describe breathing at rest
dont forget the note about exercise expiration
describe pulmonary and pleural pressure changes dduring the respiratory cycle
so pleural pressure starts negative and becomes more negative during inspiration and becomes less negative during expiration (but it always stays below zero)
pullmonary pressure starts at atmospheric pressure (0) and becomes negative during inspiration, and positive during expiration
you should draw the graph
during inspiration the pressure inside the lungs is more negative that the atmosphere and so this will bring air into the lunsg via the pressure gradient
what is pneumothorax? what is atelectasis?
why is the model describe a poor model?
describe how a spirometer measures lung volume and what respiratory volumes are measured
describe what each section of spirometer graph rerpesents
how to calculate TLC?
v02 graph?
summary calc slide?
ve equals minute ventilation
