Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO110 > LEC 17-18 > Flashcards

LEC 17-18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six primary atoms contained in all organisms?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What atoms are in all macromolecules?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the atoms in lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the atoms in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the atoms in DNA and RNA?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the atoms in proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True of False.
Matter is recycled.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does primary reservoir mean?

A

Where the element is when it is not part of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common primary reservoirs?

A

Atmosphere, water, and sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the primary reservoir of carbon?

A

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary reservoir of oxygen?

A

Water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the primary reservoir of hydrogen?

A

Water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary reservoir of nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary reservoir of phosphorus?

A

Soil and ocean beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary reservoir of sulfur?

A

Soil and ocean beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cycle between reservoirs and organisms?

A

Reservoir of elements –> organisms (through incorporation)
Organisms –> reservoir of elements (through return)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

A

CO2 + H20 produces O2 through photosynthesis (producers) and glucose (energy stored); Glucose (energy released) + O2 produces CO2 + H20 through cellular respiration (producers and consumers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is there a shortage of nitrogen on the earth?

A

No, the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the issue with nitrogen gas?

A

It is unusable by most organisms because it is very stable and thus unreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen enters the ecosystem from its reservoir in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Bacteria that convert inert N2 into reactive, usable ammonia and nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?

A

In the soil and on the roots of some plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step of nitrogen recycling?

A

Plants incorporate the NH3 and NO3 into macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the second step of nitrogen recycling?

A

Nitrogen containing macromolecules are taken up by consumers and decomposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the third step of nitrogen recycling?

A

Decomposers in the soil convert the nitrogen in macromolecules back into NH3 and NO3 (soil)

26
Q

How much of usable nitrogen does nitrogen fixation provide?

A

About 5 percent

27
Q

How much of usable nitrogen does nitrogen recycling provide?

A

About 95 percent

28
Q

What is denitrification?

A

The process by which nitrogen is returned to the air as N2

29
Q

What organisms carries out denitrification?

A

Bacteria

30
Q

How is global crop production supported?

A

It is supported by nitrogen containing fertilizers

31
Q

How are nitrogen containing fertilizers made?

A

Made by industrial fixation

32
Q

How much of nitrogen do nitrogen containing fertilizers contain?

A

They have doubled the natural rate of nitrogen fixation

33
Q

How much of the world’s energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizer?

A

~ 1-2%

34
Q

What is phosphorus important for?

A

It is important for nucleotides (ex: ATP), nucleic acid polymers (DNA/RNA), and phospholipids (plasma membranes)

35
Q

What is the cycle of phosphorus?

A
  1. Plants incorporate phosphorus from sediment
  2. Consumers eat plants, consumers eat each other
  3. Plants/consumers die and decomposers return phosphorus to sediment
36
Q

What is sulfur found in?

A

Certain amino acids (proteins)

37
Q

What is sulfur important for?

A

Critical for protein folding

38
Q

Why is the cycle of sulfur?

A
  1. Plants incorporate sulfur from sediment
  2. Consumers eat plants, consumers eat each other
  3. Plants/consumers die and decomposers return sulfur to sediment
39
Q

What occurs during oxidation?

A

A molecule loses electrons

40
Q

What occurs during reduction?

A

A molecule gains electrons

41
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

The coupling of reduction and oxidation reactions

42
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

A “flow” of electrons that result due to a chain of redox reactions

43
Q

What is an electron carrier?

A

Molecules that make up the electron transport chain; accept electrons (become reduced) and donate electrons (become oxidized)

44
Q

What is the affinity for electrons for the first electron carrier in the ETC?

A

Has the lowest affinity for electrons

45
Q

What is the affinity for electrons for the last electron carrier in the ETC?

A

Has the highest affinity for electrons

46
Q

What is the relationship between affinity for electrons the the electron carriers of an ETC?

A

Each electron carrier in the ETC has increasingly more affinity for electrons

47
Q

Why are electron carriers and electron transport chains important?

A

Critical to photosynthesis and cellular respiration

48
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight + CO2 + H2O –> Glucose (sugar) + O2

49
Q

What powers (energy) the production of glucose?

A

Light energy

50
Q

What is the efficiency of the energy transfer during photosynthesis?

A

30%

51
Q

Out of the percentage of energy transferred during photosynthesis, how much of that is stored as chemical energy?

A

30% of photon energy ends up stored as chemical energy (glucose)

52
Q

What is contained in the thylakoid membranes?

A

Pigments (chlorophyll) that capture light energy

53
Q

What occurs in the stroma during photosynthesis?

A

Site where glucose is made

54
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

At the thylakoid membrane

55
Q

What is another name for the dark reactions?

A

Calvin Benson Cycle

56
Q

Where do dark reactions occur?

A

In the stroma

57
Q

What are inputs for the light reactions?

A

Light as an energy source
H2O as an energy source

58
Q

What are outputs of the light reactions?

A

ATP as an energy storage molecule
NADPH as an electron carrier (reduced form)
O2 as a byproduct

59
Q

What are the inputs for the dark reactions?

A

ATP as an energy source
NADPH as an electron source
CO2 as a carbon source

60
Q

What are the outputs of the dark reactions?

A

Glucose as an energy storage molecule
ADP + Pi (from ATP hydrolysis)
NADP+ (from oxidation of NADPH)

61
Q

Do dark reactions occur at night?

A

No

BIO110 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions