Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO110 > LEC 17-18 > Flashcards

LEC 17-18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six primary atoms contained in all organisms?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What atoms are in all macromolecules?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the atoms in lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the atoms in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the atoms in DNA and RNA?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the atoms in proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True of False.
Matter is recycled.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does primary reservoir mean?

A

Where the element is when it is not part of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common primary reservoirs?

A

Atmosphere, water, and sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the primary reservoir of carbon?

A

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary reservoir of oxygen?

A

Water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the primary reservoir of hydrogen?

A

Water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary reservoir of nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary reservoir of phosphorus?

A

Soil and ocean beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary reservoir of sulfur?

A

Soil and ocean beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cycle between reservoirs and organisms?

A

Reservoir of elements –> organisms (through incorporation)
Organisms –> reservoir of elements (through return)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

A

CO2 + H20 produces O2 through photosynthesis (producers) and glucose (energy stored); Glucose (energy released) + O2 produces CO2 + H20 through cellular respiration (producers and consumers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is there a shortage of nitrogen on the earth?

A

No, the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the issue with nitrogen gas?

A

It is unusable by most organisms because it is very stable and thus unreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen enters the ecosystem from its reservoir in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Bacteria that convert inert N2 into reactive, usable ammonia and nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?

A

In the soil and on the roots of some plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step of nitrogen recycling?

A

Plants incorporate the NH3 and NO3 into macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the second step of nitrogen recycling?

A

Nitrogen containing macromolecules are taken up by consumers and decomposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the third step of nitrogen recycling?
Decomposers in the soil convert the nitrogen in macromolecules back into NH3 and NO3 (soil)
26
How much of usable nitrogen does nitrogen fixation provide?
About 5 percent
27
How much of usable nitrogen does nitrogen recycling provide?
About 95 percent
28
What is denitrification?
The process by which nitrogen is returned to the air as N2
29
What organisms carries out denitrification?
Bacteria
30
How is global crop production supported?
It is supported by nitrogen containing fertilizers
31
How are nitrogen containing fertilizers made?
Made by industrial fixation
32
How much of nitrogen do nitrogen containing fertilizers contain?
They have doubled the natural rate of nitrogen fixation
33
How much of the world's energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizer?
~ 1-2%
34
What is phosphorus important for?
It is important for nucleotides (ex: ATP), nucleic acid polymers (DNA/RNA), and phospholipids (plasma membranes)
35
What is the cycle of phosphorus?
1. Plants incorporate phosphorus from sediment 2. Consumers eat plants, consumers eat each other 3. Plants/consumers die and decomposers return phosphorus to sediment
36
What is sulfur found in?
Certain amino acids (proteins)
37
What is sulfur important for?
Critical for protein folding
38
Why is the cycle of sulfur?
1. Plants incorporate sulfur from sediment 2. Consumers eat plants, consumers eat each other 3. Plants/consumers die and decomposers return sulfur to sediment
39
What occurs during oxidation?
A molecule loses electrons
40
What occurs during reduction?
A molecule gains electrons
41
What are redox reactions?
The coupling of reduction and oxidation reactions
42
What is an electron transport chain?
A "flow" of electrons that result due to a chain of redox reactions
43
What is an electron carrier?
Molecules that make up the electron transport chain; accept electrons (become reduced) and donate electrons (become oxidized)
44
What is the affinity for electrons for the first electron carrier in the ETC?
Has the lowest affinity for electrons
45
What is the affinity for electrons for the last electron carrier in the ETC?
Has the highest affinity for electrons
46
What is the relationship between affinity for electrons the the electron carriers of an ETC?
Each electron carrier in the ETC has increasingly more affinity for electrons
47
Why are electron carriers and electron transport chains important?
Critical to photosynthesis and cellular respiration
48
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O --> Glucose (sugar) + O2
49
What powers (energy) the production of glucose?
Light energy
50
What is the efficiency of the energy transfer during photosynthesis?
30%
51
Out of the percentage of energy transferred during photosynthesis, how much of that is stored as chemical energy?
30% of photon energy ends up stored as chemical energy (glucose)
52
What is contained in the thylakoid membranes?
Pigments (chlorophyll) that capture light energy
53
What occurs in the stroma during photosynthesis?
Site where glucose is made
54
Where do light reactions occur?
At the thylakoid membrane
55
What is another name for the dark reactions?
Calvin Benson Cycle
56
Where do dark reactions occur?
In the stroma
57
What are inputs for the light reactions?
Light as an energy source H2O as an energy source
58
What are outputs of the light reactions?
ATP as an energy storage molecule NADPH as an electron carrier (reduced form) O2 as a byproduct
59
What are the inputs for the dark reactions?
ATP as an energy source NADPH as an electron source CO2 as a carbon source
60
What are the outputs of the dark reactions?
Glucose as an energy storage molecule ADP + Pi (from ATP hydrolysis) NADP+ (from oxidation of NADPH)
61
Do dark reactions occur at night?
No

BIO110 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions