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BIO110 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between water potential and solute concentration?

A

As the solute enters the cell, the water potential of the cell decreases relative to the outside environment (water moves from high potential to low)

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2
Q

What does a spectrophotometer measure in the cell membrane permeability lab?

A

It measured transmittance (percentage of light that was able to pass through the cuvette)

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3
Q

When you add solute to the cows blood, what happened in the cuvette?

A

It was first cloudy but then if the solute could pass through the membrane, the mixture would become transparent

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4
Q

Why did the mixture of cow’s blood and solute go from cloudy to transparent?

A

As solute, and water, entered the cell, it led to the red blood cells bursting (lyse)

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5
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Red blood cells bursting

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6
Q

What is H50?

A

The time required to reach one-half the maximum value indicated by the plot

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7
Q

How do you calculate the time to reach H50?

A

(minimum transmittance % + (maximum transmittance % - minimum transmittance %))/2 = H50 transmittance %
Use the table given by spectrophotometer to find the time where it was closest to that value and then subtract that from the time the solute was first added

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8
Q

What is the relationship between H50 and membrane permeability?

A

Inverse relationship; the smaller the H50, the greater the membrane permeability to that substance

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9
Q

What is the relationship between membrane permeability and molecular weight for the water-soluble molecules?

A

Inversely related; as the molecular weight increases, it is less able to pass through the membrane

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10
Q

What effect does the net electrical charge on a molecule have on membrane permeability?

A

Membrane permeability for that molecule will be zero (solute is not able to pass through the membrane)

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11
Q

What solutions were not able to pass through the red blood cell membrane? Why?

A

Glucose (too big)
Sucrose (too big)
NaCl (charged ions)

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12
Q

How do lipid-soluble molecules pass through the red blood cell membrane?

A

They easily pass through because they dissolve in the lipids of the cell membrane

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13
Q

How does hydroxyl groups affect how a molecule passes through a membrane?

A

The more -OH groups a molecule has, the more water-soluble it will be and thus small uncharged water-soluble molecules can pretty easily pass through the membrane but for the larger molecules, it becomes more difficult

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14
Q

What is the relationship between lipid solubility and membrane permeability?

A

Directly related; the more lipid-soluble a molecule, the easier it can pass through the membrane

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15
Q

What does H50 stand for?

A

Hemolysis 50

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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The tendency of a solute to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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17
Q

What are the three independent variables of the cell membrane lab?

A
  1. Size of solute molecule
  2. Net charge of solute particle
  3. Lipid solubility of solute molecule
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18
Q

What is the dependent variable of the cell membrane lab?

A

Cell membrane permeability

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19
Q

Why do you calibrate the spectrophotometer?

A

Using a blank solution takes into account the cuvette itself, thus, when you perform your other experiments, the cuvette will not absorb any light

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20
Q

Why is important to set a wavelength of maximum absorbance?

A

At this wavelength, even the slightest bit of change in concentration will cause a significant change in the absorbance of light

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21
Q

In the cell membrane lab, why was it important to first hit COLLECT on the iPad and then add the solute?

A

To be certain that we were recording everything that occurred when the solute was added

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22
Q

The cuvette had two sides with ridges and two sides that were clear, which side needed to be facing the light source?

A

The sides that were clear because the sides with ridges could affect the transmittance percentages, it may have absorbed some light which means that the data would be underestimating the actual amount of light that was being passed through

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23
Q

Why was important in the cell membrane lab to not have blood streaks down the side of the cuvette?

A

It could affect the time it took the red blood cells to lyse (for example it would take longer than normal) which then could affect the transmittance percentages and data values

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24
Q

What makes a molecule more lipid soluble?

A

Having more CH groups

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25
Q

What is the major property of proteins that influences their migration in an electric field?

A

The R groups of amino acids which generate a net electrical charge of a protein

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26
Q

Which type of amino acid R-groups is primarily responsible for this property?

A

Ionic category of R-groups

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27
Q

What are the properties of aspartic acid and glutamic acid?

A

They are negatively charged due to their carboxyl group when the environment surrounding them is at a high pH

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28
Q

What are the properties of lysine, arginine, and histidine?

A

They are positively charged at low pH environments because of their amino groups (R group)

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29
Q

What happens to aspartic acid when the pH changes?

A

At high pH environments, it will be negatively charged. However, as the pH decreases, the charge of aspartic acid will become more neutral because there are more protons (H+) to attach itself to the negative oxygens.

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30
Q

What happens to lysine when the pH changes?

A

At low pH environments, lysine has a net positive charge. However, as the pH increases, it will become more neutrally charged because more hydroxide ions will bond to the hydrogen (proton) atoms.

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31
Q

What is the typical trends of proteins at low pH environments and at high pH environments?

A

Typically, proteins have positive charges at low pH environments and negative charges at high pH environments

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32
Q

What is the isoelectric point of a protein?

A

The pH value in which the protein has a neutral (zero) net charge

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33
Q

What is the method used to separate and identify proteins?

A

Electrophoresis

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34
Q

What is the independent variable for the electrophoresis lab?

A

pH

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35
Q

What is the dependent variable of the electrophoresis lab?

A

The net electrical charge on each protein

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36
Q

What happens to aspartic acid as it enters a high pH environment?

A

Hydrogen atom that was bonded to oxygen in its carboxyl group bonds to the -OH ions that are in abundance, leaving oxygen with a negative charge, making the protein have a net negative charge

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37
Q

What happens to lysine as it enters a low pH environment?

A

A proton (H+) will bond to the nitrogen, giving it a positive charge, making the protein have a net positive charge

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38
Q

Which direction will a negatively charged protein move during electrophoresis?

A

Towards the cathode

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39
Q

Which direction will a positively charged protein move during electrophoresis?

A

Toward the anode

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40
Q

How can you isolate a specific protein from a group of proteins?

A

You can put the proteins in a pH environment that is the isoelectric point of the protein that you are trying to separate and applying positive and negative charges, which will filter all the other proteins but the one that you are trying to isolate

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41
Q

What does magnification mean in terms of a compound microscope?

A

Magnification enlarges the image of an object, making more things more visible

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42
Q

What is contrast in terms of a compound microscope?

A

Contrast uses light to differentiate between different parts of an object because different parts absorb varied amounts of light

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43
Q

What is resolution in terms of a compound microscope?

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects that are close together as being two separate objects

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44
Q

How much do the eyepieces of a microscope magnify?

A

Magnification is 10x

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45
Q

What are the diopter rings of a compound microscope?

A

It sharpens the image

46
Q

What is the nosepiece of a microscope?

A

It rotates to adjust objective lens

47
Q

What the four objectives of a microscope?

A

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

48
Q

What are the calipers of a microscope?

A

It secures the slide on a stage

49
Q

What does the power switch of a microscope turn on?

A

The light source

50
Q

What does the upper knob of the stage controls do?

A

It moves the slide toward and away from you

51
Q

What does the lower knob of a microscope’s stage control do?

A

It moves the slide left and right

52
Q

What does the condenser with diaphragm of a microscope do?

A

It can be opened or closed to adjust the amount of light permitted

53
Q

What does the coarse focus knob of a microscope do?

A

Moves the stage up and down to permit focusing

54
Q

What does the fine focus knob of a microscope do?

A

Only used for higher magnification; just slightly moves the stage vertically only a small distance

55
Q

Why did we use iodine in the microscopy lab?

A

It stains the nuclei of the onion skin allowing it to be visible under the microscope

56
Q

What is the size range of objects appropriate for viewing with a compound microscope?

A

From a tenth of a micrometer to a few millimeters

57
Q

Relationship between total magnification and the apparent width of the pointer?

A

As total magnification increased, the apparent width of the pointer decreased

58
Q

Rank the specimens from smallest to largest: bacillus, chick embryo, amoeba

A

Bacillus < Amoeba < Chick Embryo

59
Q

What is total magnification?

A

The product of the eyepiece (10x) and objective lens magnification

60
Q

What is the common feature of Domain Archaea?

A

No nucleus

61
Q

What is the unique feature of Domain Archaea?

A

They can survive in harsh habitats

62
Q

What is the common feature of Eubacteria?

A

No nucleus

63
Q

What is an example species of Eubacteria?

A

E. coli

64
Q

What is the unique feature of Eubacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

65
Q

What is the common feature of Alveolata?

A

They contain cavities called alveoli

66
Q

What are example species of alveolatas?

A

Ciliates and dinoflagellates

67
Q

What is the unique feature of ciliates?

A

Their ability to move like cilia

68
Q

What is the unique feature of dinoflagellates?

A

They are photosynthesis autotrophs

69
Q

What is the common feature of Stramenopiles

A

The fine hairs on flagella

70
Q

What are example species of Stramenopiles?

A

Brown algae and diatoms

71
Q

What is the unique feature of brown algae?

A

They are photosynthesis autotrophs, multicellular, and large and complex

72
Q

What is the unique feature of diatoms?

A

They are encased in a silica shell

73
Q

What is the common feature of Rhizaria?

A

They are slender pseudopodia

74
Q

What does pseudopodia mean?

A

Temporary arm-like projects of the cytoplasm of a cell

75
Q

What is an example species of Rhizaria?

A

Radiolaria

76
Q

What is the unique feature of Radiolaria?

A

They are stiff and project out through holes in shell to catch food

77
Q

What is the common feature of Excavata?

A

They have modified mitochondria

78
Q

What are example species of Excavata?

A

Euglenozoa and diplomonads

79
Q

What is the unique feature of Euglenozoa?

A

They contain a unique structure called kinetoplast

80
Q

What is a kinetoplast?

A

A structure that contained DNA and proteins that help with mitochondrial function

81
Q

What is the unique feature of Diplomonads?

A

They are simple protists that have two nuclei

82
Q

What is the common feature of Amoebozoa?

A

They have blunt pseudopodia

83
Q

What is an example species of Amoebozoa?

A

Amoeba

84
Q

What is the unique feature of an amoeba?

A

Its ability to move is through pseudopodia in which they are flexible extensions that reach out, attach, and then pull the amoeba along as it shortens while remaining attached

85
Q

What is the common feature of fungi?

A

Chitin cell wall

86
Q

What are example species of fungi?

A

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

87
Q

What is the unique feature of zygomycota?

A

They produce sexually by having the hyphae of adjoining individuals extend branches that make contact, coalesce, and form gametes

88
Q

What is hyphae?

A

Filaments that make up the body of the fungus

89
Q

What is the unique feature of ascomycota?

A

Form reproductive species call asci in which haploid spores are produced

90
Q

How many spores does an ascus have?

A

Eight

91
Q

What is the unique feature of basidiomycota?

A

They reproduce sexually via basidia

92
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane and are lacking membrane-bound organelles and a cytoskeleton

93
Q

What is the typical habitat of an archaea?

A

Found in strange and hostile environments such as a very salty, hot, or acidic environment

94
Q

What is the typical habitat of an eubacteria?

A

They live in water environments because they have peptidoglycan walls that prevent them from bursting when water diffuses in the cell

95
Q

What are three major categories of bacteria?

A

Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla

96
Q

What is the shape of a cocci bacteria?

A

Spherical

97
Q

What is the shape of a bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped

98
Q

What is the shape of a spirilla bacteria?

A

Helical

99
Q

What is an autotrophic bacteria?

A

Self-feeder; get carbon through carbon dioxide, an inorganic compound

100
Q

What is a heterotropic bacteria?

A

Feeding off others; obtain carbon through organic compounds made by other organisms (can either be aerobic or anaerobic)

101
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Requires oxygen

102
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Does not require oxygen

103
Q

What are photosynthetic autotrophs?

A

Acquire energy from the sun by containing light-trapping pigments such as chlorophyll

104
Q

What are the major group of photosynthetic bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria

105
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree used for?

A

To describe the ancestry of an organism

106
Q

What is the classification system used for organisms?

A

Kingdom
Superphylum
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus

107
Q

What does synapomorphy mean?

A

A new, defining characteristic

108
Q

What is an example of a ciliate?

A

Paramecia

109
Q

What is an example of a dinoflagellates?

A

Peridinium

110
Q

What chlorophylls are in dinoflagellates?

A

Chlorophyll A and C

BIO110 (7 decks)

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