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BIO110 > LEC 15-16 > Flashcards

LEC 15-16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the core structure of ATP?

A

Ribose sugar, Adenine nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

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2
Q

Which phosphate has the lowest energy (G) state?

A

AMP (Adenosine monophosphate)

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3
Q

Which phosphate has the highest energy (G) state?

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

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4
Q

Which phosphate has the middle energy (G) state?

A

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)

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5
Q

Where is the energy contained in an ATP molucule?

A

The bonds between the phosphate groups (i.e. the bond between AMP and ADP and the bond between ADP and ATP)

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6
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

A

Exergonic

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7
Q

What are the reactants of ATP hydrolysis?

A

ATP and water

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8
Q

What are the products of ATP hydrolysis?

A

ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

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9
Q

How much energy is released during ATP hydrolysis?

A

Change in G = -7.3 Kcal/mol

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10
Q

What the reactants in the synthesis of glutamine?

A

Glutamate and NH4

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11
Q

What the products of glutamine synthesis?

A

Glutamine

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12
Q

Is the synthesis of glutamine endergonic or exergonic? And how much energy does it absorb or release?

A

Endergonic and absorbs 3.4 Kcal/mol

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13
Q

If you were to couple the hydrolysis of ATP with the synthesis of glutamine, what would the reactants be?

A

ATP, water, glutamate, NH4

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14
Q

If you were to couple the hydrolysis of ATP with the synthesis of glutamine, what would the products be?

A

ADP, Pi, and glutamine

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15
Q

If you were to couple the hydrolysis of ATP with the synthesis of glutamine, what would the change of energy be?

A

-3.9 Kcal/mol (net exergonic)

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16
Q

What is the kinetics of a reaction?

A

Refers to the “rate” at which a reaction occurs

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17
Q

What does the thermodynamics of a reaction refer to?

A

Refers to whether free energy was released or absorbed

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18
Q

What does activation energy influence?

A

It affects the rate of a reaction

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19
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of G (free energy) required to start a chemical reaction

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20
Q

What is the relationship between activation energy and rate of reaction?

A

Indirectly related; the higher the activation energy, the lower the rate of reaction

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21
Q

What are the two components of activation energy?

A

Collision energy of reactants and the orientation of reactants during collisions

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22
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

Lower activation energy and increase the rate of reaction

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23
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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24
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Hold reactants in favorable orientations and stress the chemical bonds of reactants

25
Q

Identify the organism.
Energy source: light
Carbon source: CO2 (inorganic)

A

Photoautotrophs

26
Q

What are some examples of photoautotrophs?

A

Plants and some prokaryotes

27
Q

Identify the organism.
Energy source: light
Carbon source: organic molecules

A

Photoheterotrophs

28
Q

What are some examples of photoheterotrophs?

A

Some prokaryotes

29
Q

Identify the organism.
Energy source: inorganic molecules
Carbon source: CO2 (inorganic)

A

Chemoautotrophs

30
Q

What are some examples of chemoautotrophs?

A

Some prokaryotes

31
Q

Identify the organism.
Energy source: organic molecules
Carbon source: organic molecules

A

Chemoheterotrophs

32
Q

What are some examples of chemoheterotrophs?

A

Animals

33
Q

What are the two parts of an ecosystem?

A

Abiotic and biotic

34
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

Non-living

35
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

Living

36
Q

What are examples of abiotic things?

A

Light, temperature, water, pressure

37
Q

What are example of biotic things?

A

Producers, consumers, and decomposers

38
Q

Describe the energy flow in an ecosystem

A

Producers receive energy from the sun, consumers get energy from producers, and when both producers and consumers die, decomposers gets their energy and then all of that gets converted to heat energy (draw it out)

39
Q

How many calories of energy/sec does the sun radiate?

A

10^26 calories of energy/sec and only a fraction of it reaches the earth

40
Q

How much of the sun’s energy is reflected?

A

50%

41
Q

What things in the atmosphere reflect the sun’s energy?

A

Clouds and dust

42
Q

What does trophic refer to?

A

Food or nourishment

43
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

Describes where an organism is in the food chain/food web (flow of energy)

44
Q

Who occupies the first trophic level?

A

Producers

45
Q

Who occupies the second trophic level?

A

Herbivores (primary consumers)

46
Q

Who occupies the third trophic level?

A

Primary carnivores (secondary consumers)

47
Q

Who occupies the fourth trophic level?

A

Secondary carnivores (tertiary consumers)

48
Q

Where does the energy flow through an ecosystem begin?

A

Begins with producers (first trophic level)

49
Q

What makes up detritivores?

A

Prokaryotes, scavengers, and fungi

50
Q

What is true about energy transfer?

A

It is very inefficient

51
Q

What is the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels?

A

~ 10% (90% energy loss)

52
Q

How is energy lost?

A
  • Lost in feces: inefficient energy
    absorption during digesting
  • Cannot be extracted (energy in
    cellulose, hair, claws, feather, etc)
  • “Staying alive” (moving,
    metabolizing, lost as heat)
53
Q

How much of energy is taken in by beef cattle when they eat plants?

A

62%

54
Q

What is the energy taken in by the cow used for?

A

Either not extracted by the cow (lost in feces) or is locked up in indigestable structures like hooves and horns

55
Q

How much of energy is used living and “staying alive” in beef cattle?

A

34%

56
Q

How much of energy from the cow will be available to the next trophic level?

A

4% (96% loss)

57
Q

How many calories are produced by photosynthesis at the first trophic level?

A

1000 calories

58
Q

How many calories are transferred to the second trophic level? The third trophic level? The fourth?

A

100 calories; 10 calories, 1 calorie

59
Q

Why are there only four trophic levels?

A

Inefficient energy transfer limits the number of trophic levels that can be supported

BIO110 (7 decks)

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