Lec 16 - Industrial Revolution

Question 1

in considering the historical context for the industrial revolution, how would you describe the period before the indsutrial revolution (-1000 to 1800)? What is this referred to as?

Answer 1

long swings of growth and contraction

the malthusian trap

Question 2

what is the great divergence

Answer 2

during the industrial revolution, per capita income diverged between countries

Question 3

what is the time frame for the industrial revolution

Answer 3

1760 - WW1

Question 4

What are the 5 main features of the industrial revolution?

Answer 4

1) a shift to large scale production

2) technological innovations revolutionize production

3) development of new products

4) penetration of new overseas markets

5) institutional and organizational changes (banking, legal services)

Question 5

What are the 3 waves of industrialization?

Answer 5

1) Britain (1760-1850)
2) Continental Europe (1850-1875)
3) Intermediate Europe and N-A (1875-1914)

Question 6

Describe the 3 phases of the first wave of industrialization (in Britain).

Answer 6

1) 1760-90
- embryos of industrial revolution
- about tech innovation

2) phase 2
- agglomeration

3) phase 3
- railway system in britain

Question 7

Name the 5 reasons for which the industrial revolution began in Britain, despite not being ahead in terms of science.

Answer 7

1. Favorable political and legal climate
2. vast network of colonies
3. favorable geography (island, boats…)
4. tradition of industrial employment
5. conditions ripe for technological innovation

Question 8

define the division of labour

Answer 8

DoL: fragmentation of tasks in the production
process into different specialized functions (e.g.
managers, supervisors, production workers

Question 9

what are the consequences of the dol

Answer 9

• increase in productivity
• search for economies of scale
• deskilling of workers, lower wages, control and discipline

Question 10

name 4 technological innovations that propelled the IR

Answer 10

• newcomen steam engine
• flying shuttle (John Kay)
• Spinning jenny (Hargreaves)
• power loom (catwright)

Question 11

in which part of britain does the IR take root

Answer 11

northern and western

Question 12

describe the 2nd phase of the 1st wave of IR

Answer 12

there is agglomeration
- pools of capital grow in regions
industries become more mobile

Question 13

describe the 3rd phase of the 1st wave of the IR

Answer 13

the railway system expands
- can produce things in cities other than london and then easily bring them to london
- spatial expansion of labor market

Question 14

when is the apex of the IR in britain?

Answer 14

1851, crystal palace

Question 15

What is the 2nd wave of the IR about?

Answer 15

technological transfer from britain

Question 16

Why was the IR held back in europe?

Answer 16

napoleonic wars, continued political fragmentation

Question 17

what are the 3 regions to remember about the 2nd waves of the IR?

Answer 17

• Sambre-et-Meuse (Belgium)
  ○ Banking system: source of financing for coal miners to purchase Newcomen steam engines in continental Europe
  
  • Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France)
    ○ Coal mining
  • Rhine-Ruhr (Germany)
    ○ Still an important industrial cluster today, goes back to industrial revolution

Question 18

what is the 3rd wave of the IR about?

Answer 18

continued growth of time-space compression!
- due to more technological innovation