Lec 16 Blood Glucose Regulation Flashcards
What systems maintain homeostasis in the body
Nervous and endocrine system
Exercise cause a decrease in _______ and _______ substrates
This causes the endocrine system to produce what four things?
Which go to what target tissues ?
Which then regulate what two things?
Intracellular and extracellular substrates
Glucagon, EP, NEP, cortisol
Goes to liver and muscle cells
Fat and glucose regulation
What three things control hormone secretion
Activation of nervous system such as PNS and SNS
Chemical stimuli (release in ions and neurotransmitters, changes in substrate)
Another hormone
During exercise what happens to ….
Plasma glucose, sympathetic NS, parasympathetic NS, growth hormone, insulin secretion
Decrease in plasma glucose
Increases sympathetic NS
Decrease parasympathetic NS
Increase growth hormone
Decrease insulin secretion
During at rest or recovery (fed state) what happens to ….
Plasma glucose, sympathetic NS, parasympathetic NS, growth hormone, insulin secretion
Increase in plasma glucose
Decrease sympathetic NS
Increase parasympathetic NS
Increase growth hormone
Increase insulin secretion
What are the catabolic hormones
Epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon
What are the anabolic hormones
Insulin
What are the hormone responses that serve to mobilize fuels and preserve blood glucose during exercise
What happens to catabolic hormones, what happens to anabolic hormones
Increase catabolic hormones and decrease in anabolic hormones
Catabolic hormones MOBILIZE fat and PERSERVE blood glucose
Anabolic hormones STORES fuels and LOWERS blood glucose
Substrate control is so important so we have what?
Redundant systems aka multiple mechanisms
To maintain blood glucose what hormones are released
What happens at the level of the liver, adipocyte, tissue
Catecholamines EP and NEP
Liver: glycogen to glucose
adipocytes: triglycerides to FFA and glycerol
Tissue: increase FFA oxidation
Tissue: GLUCOSE ENTRY TO THE MUSCLE IS REDUCED AKA INSULIN ANTAGONISM causes greater usage of fat
What triggers glycogenolysis
Increased plasma epinephrine
Increase calcium during muscle contraction
Insulin and glucagon
They are called ________ hormones
Control what?
Counter regulating
Control the mobilization of glucose and adipose tissue FFA
What are the levels of glucose and insulin throughout exercise duration
Insulin starts high and glucagon is low
After a long time insulin is low and glucagon is high
Two mechanisms for skeletal muscle glucose uptake
Insulin signaling and muscle contractions
How does the body decrease blood glucose
Have the pancreas release insulin
Anaerobic hormone
What does insulin do
What does it do to muscle protein synthesis and breakdown
What does it do FFA, triglycerides, glycogenolysis
DECREASES blood glucose
Mediate entry glucose into most cells
INCREASE diffusion via GLUT4 INTO the muscle
Increases muscle protein synthesis and decreases muscle protein breakdown
Increases FFA and triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue and liver
Increases glycogen synthesis and decreases glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do to glucagon and insulin
Increase glucagon and decrease insulin
Increased glucose will increase plasma glucose
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do at the level of the liver and adipocyte
Liver break down of glycogen to glucose maintaining blood glucose
Adipocyte break down triglyceride to FFA increases plasma FFA
During a fasted or exercise use state
What happens to the glucagon to insulin ratio
What does this cause
What process is increased
Increase glucagon/insulin ratio
Stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen and fat from the liver
Increased GLUCONEOGENESIS
increased availability of fuel in the plasma
What are the three benefits to decreased plasma insulin
1) maintain the level of plasma glucose and prevent a decline in plasma glucose
2) decreased insulin concentration during exercise result in the mobilization of glucose and FFA and adipocytes
3) decreased chronic insulin resistance
What five factors increase lipolysis
Increased epinephrine (adipose tissue and muscle)
Increase norepinephrine (adipose tissue)
Increased cortisol
Increased growth hormone
DECREASED insulin
Blood glucose release during exercise is stimulated by what
Increased glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol
And a decrease in insulin
Skeletal muscle glucose uptake is facilitated by ________ translocation to the plasma membrane which is independently mediated by what two factors
GLUT4
Mediated by insulin signalling and muscle contractions
What does exercise result in for those with type two diabetes
Exercise stimulated glucose uptake
Benefit acutely from exercise
