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Physiology > Lec 15 - Respiratory System Intro > Flashcards

Lec 15 - Respiratory System Intro Flashcards

1
Q

there are different types of respiration, what are the two

A

cellular and external

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2
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

intracellular metabolic process, derive energy from nutrient molecules, uses o2 and produces co2

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3
Q

what is external respiration

A

sequence of events, exchange o2 and co2 between the environment and cellular tissues

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4
Q

list some non respiratory functions of the respiratory system

A

vocalisation, regulation of acid base balance, thermoregulation, defence against infection, respiratory pump

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5
Q

list the structures in the anatomy of the airways

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, x2 bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

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6
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voice box

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7
Q

what is the laryngeal opening called

A

the glottis

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8
Q

when air passes through the glottis what happens

A

vibrations produce sounds, lips/tongue/palate modify sounds

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9
Q

describe the properties of the trachea and the larger bronchi

A

rigid, non muscular and contain cartilaginous rings

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10
Q

what is the function of the trachea and bronchi being rigid, non muscular and having cartilaginous rings

A

the airways remain open

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11
Q

what are the smaller bronchioles innervated by

A

the autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

what are the small bronchioles sensitive to

A

hormones and local chemicals

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13
Q

describe the smaller bronchioles

A

no cartilage, have smooth muscle

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14
Q

what is the functional significance of the smaller bronchioles not having cartilage, being innervated by smooth muscles and sensitivie to hormones

A

regulate air flow to each cluster of alveoli

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15
Q

what are alveolar walls made of

A

single layer of cells - type 1 alveolar cells

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16
Q

alveolus are surrounded by a network of

A

pulmonary capillaries

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17
Q

the air to blood barrier between the alveoli is how many micrometers

A

5

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18
Q

the alveoli have a very ____ surface area with over 500 million alveoli

A

large

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19
Q

what is the functional significance of alveoli having a large SA, thin layer of cells and close pulmonary capillaries

A

properties facilitate gas exchange

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20
Q

alveolar type 2 cells account for 5% of the alveolar surface epithelium, what do they secrete

A

pulmonary surfactant

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21
Q

what is pulmonary surfactant

A

a phospholipoprotein complex that facilitates lung expansion

22
Q

which cell type helps fight infection in the lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

23
Q

what are pores of kohn

A

minute pores in walls between adjacent alveoli

24
Q

what is the function of the pores of kohn

A

permit airflow between alveoli called collateral ventilation

25
Q

why are pores of kohn very important

A

if terminal conducting airways are blocked in disease, air can still reach them

26
Q

what is the pleural sac for

A

separating the lungs from the thoracic wall and other structures

27
Q

the pleural sac is _____ walled

A

double walled

28
Q

what is secreted by the pleural sac to aid in lubrication

A

intrapleural fluid

29
Q

what is pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural sac

30
Q

what is a sign of pleurisy

A

painful breathing due to friction rub

31
Q

what is a common cause of pleurisy

A

viral infection

32
Q

the visceral pleura adheres to the

A

surface of the lung

33
Q

the parietal pleura lines the

A

interior surface of the thoracic wall

34
Q

when the inspiratory muscles are activated, what do they do?

A

enlarge the thoracic cavity

35
Q

which nerve supplies the diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerve

36
Q

what is the major inspiratory muscle

A

the diaphragm

37
Q

when the diaphragm contracts during inspiration it

A

flattens

38
Q

when the diaphragm flattens what happens

A

it increases the vertical dimension of the cavity

39
Q

during quiet breathing, the diaphragm can descend up to ___ cm, during heavy breathing it can descend up to ___ cm

A

1cm, 10cm

40
Q

75% of enlargement of the thoracic cavity is accomplished by the diaphragm what is the other inspiratory muscle

A

the external intercostal muscles

41
Q

what innervates the external intercostal muscles

A

the external IC nerve

42
Q

the external IC fibres run down and forward, enlarging the cavity in 2 dimensions, which dimensions are these

A

lateral and antero-posterior dimension, elevating ribs and sternum up and out

43
Q

during active inspiration what happens that is different

A

the recruitment of accessory inspiratory muscles

44
Q

what are the accessory inspiratory muscles

A

the sternocleidomastoid and the scalenes

45
Q

what do the accessory inspiratory muscles do

A

raise sternum and elevate 1st 2 ribs, enlarging the upper part of thoracic cavity

46
Q

expiration at rest is

A

passive

47
Q

why is expiration at rest passive

A

inspiratory muscles inactive, + elastic recoil of lungs + gravity

48
Q

what are the two expiratory muscles

A

abdominal muscles e.g. rectus abdominus and obliques and internal IC muscles

49
Q

how do the abdominal muscles allow expiration

A

increase intra-abdominal pressure, increase force on diaphragm, decrease vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

50
Q

how do the internal IC muscles work

A

by moving the ribs down and in

Physiology (8 decks)

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