LEC

Question 1

For an accurate evaluation of CSFf glucose, a blood
glucose test must be run for comparison. When
should the medical technologist draw blood for
glucose determination?
o 1 hr before lumbar tap
o 1 hr after lumbar tap
o 2 hrs after lumbar tap
o 2 hrs before lumbar tap

Answer 1

o 2 hrs before lumbar tap

Question 2

What is the preferred method of collection for
cerebrospinal fluid?
o Thoracentesis
o Amniocentesis
o Lumbar tap
o Paracentesis

Answer 2

o Lumbar tap

Question 3

Sister Theresa, an old lady had several episodes of
unbearable headaches after surviving a terrible fall.
Recently, her physician requested for CSF analysis.
Her laboratory results showed:
Total CSF Protein: 30 g/dL
CSF Lactate: 27 mg/dL
Predominant cell in differential count: macrophages
with remnants of RBCs Based on the laboratory
results and history of patient, what specific disorder
does patient Theresa have?

o Bacterial meningitis
o St. Theresa is normal, her protein and lactate
levels are within range
o Intracranial hemorrhage
o Tubercular meningitis

Answer 3

o Intracranial hemorrhage

Question 4

As the medtech on duty, you have observed the
following characteristics of red CSFf sample from a
patient:
I. Concentration of blood in tube 1 is greater than in
tube 3 after collection
II. Presence of clots in the sample
III. Presence of intact RBCs
o Traumatic tap
o Japanese encephalitis
o Intracranial hemorrhage
o Cysticercosis

Answer 4

o Traumatic tap

Question 5

A lumbar puncture should not be performed on
patients with _______
o Encephalitis and meningitis
o Inflammation over or near the puncture site
o Dementia
o Multiple sclerosis

Answer 5

o Inflammation over or near the puncture site

Question 6

Increased CSF glutamine is commonly associated
with what disease?
o Hepatitis
o Multiple myeloma
o Reye syndrome
o Bacterial infection

Answer 6

o Reye syndrome

Question 7

7. All of the following can cause xanthochromia in CSF
   except?
   o Increased numbers of white blood cells
   o Erythrocytes from severe head injuries
   o Increased serum levels of carotene
   o Elevated serum levels of bilirubin

Answer 7

o Increased numbers of white blood cells

Question 8

8. What protein is only seen in CSF and not in serum?
   o Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin
   o Tau protein
   o Both A and B
   o NOTA

Answer 8

o Both A and B

Question 9

This disorder of the CNS is characterized by the
presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF protein
electrophoresis, increased IgG index and presence
of myelin basic protein in CSF

o Medulloblastoma
o Multiple sclerosis
o Panencephalitis
o Viral meningitis

Answer 9

o Multiple sclerosis

Question 10

Dr. Subong requested an India Ink preparation and
latex agglutination tests to the CSF of her patient
with unknown cause of meningitis. The results
obtained were both positive in the two tests. What
could be the possible pathogen?
o Taenia saginata
o Naegleria fowleri
o Cryptococcus neoformans
o Neisseria meningitidis

Answer 10

o Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 11

How is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?
o Ultrafiltration of plasma in the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain
o Diffusion of plasma into the CNS
o Degradation of ependymal cells lining the brain
and spinal cord
o Secretion by the choroid plexuses

Answer 11

o Ultrafiltration of plasma in the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain

Question 12

12. These cells are believed to be the producers of
    Immunoglobulin G. They are present in the CSF if
    the patient has multiple sclerosis. What are these
    cells?
    o Spindle-shaped cells
    o Lymphoblasts
    o Erythrophagocytizing macrophages
    o Plasmacytes

Answer 12

o Plasmacytes

Question 13

Which of the following body fluids supplies
nutrients to the nervous tissue, removes metabolic
wastes, produces mechanical barriers to cushion the
brain and spinal cord against trauma?
o Amniotic fluid
o Cerebrospinal fluid
o Synovial fluid
o Peritoneal fluid

Answer 13

o Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 14

Increased presence of lymphocytes and monocytes
is CSF is called what?
o Pleocytosis
o Xanthochromia
o Pellicle formation
o Pyknosis

Answer 14

o Pleocytosis

Question 15

What is the appearance of a normal cerebrospinal
fluid?
o Bloody
o Milky
o Xanthochromic
o Crystal clear

Answer 15

o Crystal clear

Question 16

Hematoidin-laden macrophages present in CSF
could indicate what condition?
o Metastatic carcinoma
o Viral meningitis
o Multiple sclerosis
o Intracranial hemorrhage

Answer 16

o Intracranial hemorrhage

Question 17

What is the most frequently performed chemical
test in CSF?
o Glucose
o Lactate
o Protein
o Glutamine

Answer 17

o Protein

Question 18

What is the reference value for CSF lactate?
o 10-24 g/dL
o 15-45 mg/dL
o 8018 mg/dL
o 10-24 mg/dL

Answer 18

o 10-24 mg/dL

Question 19

Serologic procedures performed in CSF like VDRL
and FTA-Abs is useful in diagnosis of what disease?
o Multiple sclerosis
o Guillain-barre syndrome
o Neurosyphilis
o Reye syndrome

Answer 19

o Neurosyphilis

Question 20

After a successful lumbar puncture, what
department is tube labeled 1 routinely sent to?
o Microbiology
o Histopathology
o Chemistry
o Hematology

Answer 20

o Chemistry

Question 21

The concentration of which of the following
substances can be sued to positively identify the
presence of seminal fluid, particularly in forensic
cases?
o Acid phosphatase
o Citric acid
o Fructose
o Choline

Answer 21

o Acid phosphatase

Question 22

2. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules
   but where does development of flagella takes
   place?
   o Ejaculatory duct
   o Prostate gland
   o Bulbourethral glands
   o Epididymis

Answer 22

o Epididymis

Question 23

Sperm motility evaluation is routinely performed
when?
o Immediately after the semen is collected
o At 6 hour intervals for 1 day
o After 3 hrs of incubation
o Within 1hr of collection

Answer 23

o Within 1hr of collection

Question 24

Sperm cells which exhibit slow speed and some
lateral movement are graded as ______
o 4.0
o 1.0
o 3.0
o 2.0

Answer 24

o 3.0

Question 25

What is the purpose of addition of proteolytic
enzymes (alpha-chymotrypsin and bromelain) to
semen that has not yet liquefied after two hours?
o Increase the viscosity
o Stain the sperm cells
o Neutralize the specimen
o Decrease the viscosity

Answer 25

o Decrease the viscosity

Question 26

What are the physical characteristics of normal
semen?
o Grayish white color, translucent, musty odor
o Grayish-white color, translucent, sweet odor
o Yellowish, transparent, musky odor
o Reddish, opaque, sweaty feet odor

Answer 26

o Grayish white color, translucent, musty odor

Question 27

7. Semen analysis is routinely performed and plays an
   important role in all of the following except?
   o Diagnosis of prostate cancer
   o Forensic studies of rape cases
   o Evaluation of effectiveness of vasectomy
   o Establishment of cause of infertility

Answer 27

o Diagnosis of prostate cancer

Question 28

Which of the following is not a requirement when
collecting semen specimens?
o Specimen must be collected in a clean, dry,
wide-mouth plastic containers
o The entire ejaculate must be completely
collected
o The patient should abstain from sexual activity
for at least 2 days after the collection
o Specimen must be maintained near body
temperature during transport

Answer 28

o The patient should abstain from sexual activity
for at least 2 days after the collection

Question 29

What do spermatozoa metabolize for the energy
needed for flagella to propel along the female
reproductive system?
o Glucose
o Hyaluronic acid
o Fructose
o Flavin

Answer 29

o Fructose

Question 30

Calculate the total sperm count given the following
information
o 35 million sperms/mL
o 2.5 million sperms/mL
o 140 million sperms/mL
o 37 million sperms/mL

Answer 30

o 140 million sperms/mL

Question 31

A physician requested a test for sperm viability.
What must the medical technologist do to assess
sperm vitality?
o Make a smear in the slide and stain with
o Papanicolaus’’s or Giemsa’s stain
o Place a drop of semen in the slide and cover it
with coverslip
o Stain it with equal amount of eosin-nigrosin
stain
o Add diluting fluid and charge it in a Neubauer
counting chamber

Answer 31

o Stain it with equal amount of eosin-nigrosin
stain

Question 32

Which of the following structures produces most of
the fluid found in semen?
o Bulbourethral glands
o Seminal vesicles
o Prostate gland
o Epididymis

Answer 32

o Seminal vesicles

Question 33

13. What is the primary purpose of diluting a semen
    specimen using cold distilled water or 1% formalin
    before performing sperm concentration?
    o Neutralize the specimen
    o Immobilize the sperm cells
    o Decrease the viscosity of semen
    o Enhance visualization of sperm

Answer 33

o Immobilize the sperm cells

Question 34

If immediate analysis of semen is unavailable, how
does one preserve the semen awaiting
examination?
o Refrigerate it
o Store it at RT (22-27 deg C)
o Keep it at 37 deg C
o Store it at -85 deg C

Answer 34

o Keep it at 37 deg C

Question 35

Which of the following is the function of acrosomal
cap at the tip of sperm’s head?
o Organelle for locomotion
o Contains enzymes for ovum penetration
o Contains DNA
o Contains the mitochondria for energy
production

Answer 35

o Contains enzymes for ovum penetration

Question 36

What is the pH of a normal seminal fluid?
o 5.0-6.0
o 4.5-8.0
o 3.8-4.2
o 7.2-8.0

Answer 36

o 7.2-8.0

Question 37

A semen specimen delivered to the laboratory in a
condom has normal sperm count and markedly
decreased sperm motility. This is indicative of
o Lack of oxygen in condom
o Decreased fructose
o Antispermicide in condom
o Semen is too alkaline

Answer 37

o Decreased fructose

Question 38

All of the following describes abnormal sperm cell
morphology except?
o Oval-shaped head
o Amorphous head
o Double tail
o Long neckpiece

Answer 38

o Oval-shaped head

Question 39

What is the best method for semen collection?
o Coitus interruptus
o Usage of ordinary condoms
o Scraping from vaginal vault
o Masturbation

Answer 39

o Masturbation

Question 40

What stain is used to differentiate living from
nonliving sperm cells?
o Wright’s stain
o Giemsa stain
o Hansel stain
o Eosin-Nigrosin stain

Answer 40

o Eosin-Nigrosin stain

Question 41

Presence of needle-like crystals called monosodium
urates in synovial fluid could indicate what disease?
o Osteoarthritis
o Pseudogout
o Gout
o Renal dialysis

Answer 41

o Gout

Question 42

What is the normal viscosity of synovial fluid?
o Forms a string measuring 4-6 cm
o Pours in droplets
o Forms a solid clot
o NOTA

Answer 42

o Forms a string measuring 4-6 cm

Question 43

Which of the following correctly describes a Reiter
cell?
o Vacuolated macrophage with ingested
neutrophils
o Neutrophils with dark cytoplasmic granules
o Lymphocytes with cleft nuclei
o Large multinucleated cells

Answer 43

o Vacuolated macrophage with ingested
neutrophils

Question 44

Which of the following procedures is performed to
collect synovial or joint fluid?
o Thoracentesis
o Arthrocentesis
o Amniocentesis
o Paracentesis

Answer 44

o Arthrocentesis

Question 45

What is the best anticoagulant for bacterial culture
of synovial fluid?
o Sodium polyanethol sulfonate
o Heparin
o Liquid EDTA
o Sodium fluoride

Answer 45

o Sodium polyanethol sulfonate

Question 46

Before testing, very viscous synovial fluid should be
pretreated first with?
o Normal saline solution
o 0.05% hyaluronidase in phosphate buffer
o 0.5% hyaluronidase in phosphate buffer
o 0.05% hyaluronidase

Answer 46

o 0.05% hyaluronidase in phosphate buffer

Question 47

In a serological test, what antibodies will be
demonstrated by a patient with arthritis due to
Lyme disease?
o Borrelia burdorferi antibodies
o Antibodies against synovial membrane
o Treponema pallidum antibodies
o Anti-nuclear antibodies

Answer 47

o Borrelia burdorferi antibodies

Question 48

Which of the following crystals has the ability to
polarize light?
o Corticosteroid
o Calcium oxalate
o Calcium pyrophosphate
o AOTA

Answer 48

o AOTA

Question 49

All of the following refers to correct procedure of
Ropes test except?
o 1% Acetic Acid is routinely used
o Not routinely performed
o Reporting of “low” signifies friable clot
o Normal synovial fluid
o Forms a solid clot

Answer 49

o 1% Acetic Acid is routinely used

Question 50

Why must we avoid using powdered anticoagulants
for synovial fluid analysis?
o Distorts WBCs and RBCs
o Too expensive
o Lowers glucose levels
o Produces artifacts which interferes with
crystals

Answer 50

o Produces artifacts which interferes with
crystals

Question 51

A 52-year-old man has painful swelling in both
knees. He is hospitalized and an arthrocentesis is
scheduled for the following morning. In the
morning, a fasting blood sugar is drawn for routine
chemistry tests. Synovial fluid is aspired from the
left knee and submitted to the laboratory.
Blood Chemistry Results:
Appearance: Cloudy, yellow
Viscosity: low
Microscopic analysis: many intracellular
needle-shaped crystals with negative birefringence
(yellow)
Glucose: 55 mg/dL
Uric acid: 12.4 mg/dL
Gram stain: negative
The above results are most consistent with a
diagnosis of which of the following disorders?
o Gouty arthritis
o Traumatic arthritis
o Pseudogout
o Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 51

o Gouty arthritis

Question 52

When dispersing synovial fluid from a syringe, a
short (<5 cm) or no string is formed. Which of the
following conditions is indicated?
o Presence of an inflammatory process
o Presence of mesothelial cell
o Fibrinogen levels are low
o Traumatic collection

Answer 52

o Traumatic collection

Question 53

All of the following findings are indicative of a septic
joint disorder except?
o Yellow-green color
o Neutrophils >75% of total WBC count
o Decreased glucose concentration

o WBC count is around 20,000-50,000/uL

Answer 53

o WBC count is around 20,000-50,000/uL

Question 54

Which of the following chemical tests is most
frequently performed on synovial fluid?
o Total protein
o Glucose
o Antibodies against Treponema pallidum
o Bacterial culture

Answer 54

o Glucose

Question 55

Which of the following provides diagnosis of a
specific joint condition?
o Crystals appearing as plates seen under the
microscope
o Plasma:synovial fluid glucose difference
exceeding 20 mg/dL
o Staphylococcal bacteria identified by Gram
stain and bacterial culture
o Greater than 25 leukocytes per uL observed
during microscopic examination

Answer 55

o Staphylococcal bacteria identified by Gram
stain and bacterial culture

Question 56

During cell count, a medical technologist noticed
that the WBC count is less than 200 WBCs/uL. What
counting procedure must he apply using a Neubauer
counting chamber?
o Count the large middle square only
o Count the 5 small squares used in RBC count
o Count the 4 large corner squares
o Count all 9 large squares

Answer 56

o Count all 9 large squares

Question 57

17. All of the following are causes of inflammatory joint
    disorder except?
    o Pseudogout
    o Scleroderma
    o Rheumatoid arthritis
    o Osteoarthritis

Answer 57

o Osteoarthritis

Question 58

What is this chronic autoimmune disorder that
primarily attacks joints, causing synovitis and
destroys the articular cartilage of the bones?
o Septic arthritis
o Rheumatoid arthritis
o Lupus erythematosus
o Pseudogout

Answer 58

o Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 59

What viscous fluid is found in the cavities of
movable joints?
o CSF
o Ascites
o Synovial fluid
o Pericardial fluid

Answer 59

o Synovial fluid

Question 60

Why do we avoid using glacial acetic acid as diluent
when performing cell counts for synovial fluid?
o Causes the fluid to clot
o Leaves a precipitate that can be mistaken for
crystals
o Distorts WBC morphology
o Not good in lysing crenated RBCs

Answer 60

o Causes the fluid to clot

Question 61

This kind of effusion has a milky appearance with
greenish tinge. Mixed cells are seen in its differential
counting. In microscopic examination, this effusion
exhibits presence of cholesterol crystals
o Chylous effusion
o Exudative effusion
o Pseudochylous effusion
o Transudative effusion

Answer 61

o Pseudochylous effusion

Question 62

Black pleural fluid is alarming as this could be
indicative of what condition?
o Mesothelioma
o Rupture of amebic liver abscess
o Thoracic duct leakage
o Aspergillus infection

Answer 62

o Aspergillus infection

Question 63

A 32-year old man has pleural effusion. Blood is
drawn and a pleural fluid specimen is obtained by
thoracentesis and sent to the laboratory for
evaluation.
The following results were obtained:
Physical examination: milky
Microscopic examination: predominant
lymphocytes in differential counting; no organisms
seen on Gram stain
Chemical examination: fluid:serum cholesterol ratio
0.39; fluid:serum bilirubin ration 0.76
Based on the results, this pleural fluid specimen is
classified as:
o Invalid
o Transudate
o Exudate
o Secret

Answer 63

o Exudate

Question 64

Which of the following conditions is most often
associated with the formation of the transudate?
o Congestive heart failure
o Systemic lupus erythematosus
o Tuberculosis

o Metastatic neoplasm

Answer 64

o Congestive heart failure

Question 65

Detection of tumor marker CA 125 may signify
what?
o Pancreatic cancer
o Metastatic uterine cancer
o Lung cancer
o Breast cancer

Answer 65

o Metastatic uterine cancer

Question 66

Which of the following terms is another name for
peritoneal effusion?
o Ascites
o Lavage
o Peritonitis
o Pleocytosis

Answer 66

o Ascites

Question 67

A WBC count of >1000 WBCs/uL and dominance of
neutrophil in a pericardial fluid signifies what?
o Appendicitis
o Asbestos contact
o Bacterial endocarditis
o Pericardial tumor

Answer 67

o Bacterial endocarditis

Question 68

Which of the following conditions enhances the
formation of serous fluid in a body cavity?
o Decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure
o Increased plasma oncotic pressure
o Increased lymphatic absorption
o Increased capillary permeability

Answer 68

o Increased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 69

Elevated level of adenosine deaminase in pleural
fluid suggests what disease?
o Esophageal rupture
o Pneumonia
o Tuberculosis
o Pancreatitis

Answer 69

o Tuberculosis

Question 70

An effusion with milky white appearance is strongly
associated with?
o RBCs
o Hemothorax
o TAGS and cholesterol
o Diarrhea

Answer 70

o TAGS and cholesterol

Question 71

Pleural fluid pH lower than 6.0 indicates what
condition?
o Esophageal rupture
o Intestinal perforation
o Chest tube drainage
o Pimples

Answer 71

o Esophageal rupture

Question 72

What is the membrane that covers the organs
within the cavity?
o Parietal membrane
o Chorionic membrane
o Ventricular membrane
o Visceral membrane

Answer 72

o Visceral membrane

Question 73

What is the normal amount of pericardial fluid
between the pericardial serous membranes?
o 1-10 mL
o >100 mL
o 10-50 mL
o 10-20 mL

Answer 73

o 10-50 mL

Question 74

14. Which of the following includes all other in the list?
    o Pleural fluid
    o Serous fluid
    o Pericardial fluid
    o Peritoneal fluid

Answer 74

o Serous fluid

Question 75

Which of the following pairs of fluid and collection
process is correctly matched?
o Pleural fluid – pleuracentesis
o Pericardial fluid – thoracentesis
o Peritoneal fluid – peritoneocentesis
o Ascites – paracentesis

Answer 75

o Ascites – paracentesis

Question 76

16. Which of the following best describes a
    hemothorax?
    o Blood Hct: 30; Pleural fluid Hct: 20
    o Blood Hct: 42; Pleural fluid Hct: 15
    o Blood Hct: 30; Pleural fluid Hct: 10
    o Blood Hct: 30; Pleural fluid Hct: 15

Answer 76

o Blood Hct: 30; Pleural fluid Hct: 20

Question 77

A 60-year old woman has peritoneal effusion. Blood
is drawn and a peritoneal fluid specimen is obtained
by paracentesis and sent to the laboratory or
evaluation.
The following results were obtained:
Physical examination: clear, pale yellow fluid with no
clots present
Microscopic examination: 8 WBC/uL; no malignant
cells seen; no organisms seen on Gram stain
Chemical examination: serum albumin – 2.8 g/dL;
fluid albumin – 1.0 g/dL
Based on the results, this peritoneal fluid specimen
is classified as:
o Exudate
o Transudate
o Invalid
o Secret

Answer 77

o Transudate

Question 78

Which of the following conditions is most often
associated with the formation of exudate?
o Nephrotic syndrome
o Congestive heart failure
o Hepatic cirrhosis
o Neoplasms

Answer 78

o Neoplasms

Question 79

19. All of the following description fits an exudate
    except?
    o Cloudy appearance
    o Fluid serum protein ratio >0.5
    o Fluid:serum LD ratio <0.6
    o Possible clotting

Answer 79

o Fluid:serum LD ratio <0.6

Question 80

Pathologic accumulation of serous fluid in a body
cavity is called _______
o Transudate
o Exudate
o Pleocytosis
o Effusion

Answer 80

o Effusion

Question 81

Polyhydraminos is characterized by?
o Amniotic fluid > 1200 mL
o Amniotic fluid < 1200 mL
o Amniotic fluid > 1500mL
o Amniotic fluid <800 mL

Answer 81

o Amniotic fluid > 1200 m

Question 82

A spike in 450 nm was observed after an amniotic
fluid is subjected to spectrophotometry. What does
it indicate?
o Fetus is normal
o Fetus is suffering from HDN
o Fetus has decreased bilirubin in his circulation
o Increased meconium

Answer 82

o Fetus is suffering from HDN

Question 83

In the determination of fetal age, amniotic fluid
creatinine can be used. What does it indicate if the
creatinine level obtained is greater than 2.0 mg/dL?
o Fetal age is > than 36 weeks
o Fetal age is > than 34 weeks
o Fetus is happy
o Second trimester of pregnancy

Answer 83

o Fetal age is > than 36 weeks

Question 84

Which of the following amniotic fluid colors is
associated with fetal death?

o Pale yellow
o Dark yellow
o Red-brown
o Dark green

Answer 84

o Red-brown

Question 85

Which of the following correctly describes normal
amniotic fluid when subjected to
spectrophotometry?
o Absorbance is highest at 550 nm and decreases
linearly at 365 nm
o The graph forms a straight horizontal line
because the absorbance reading between 365
to 550 nm is the same
o Absorbance is highest at 365 nm and decreases
linearly at 550 nm
o There is a spike at 450 nm

Answer 85

o Absorbance is highest at 365 nm and decreases
linearly at 550 nm

Question 86

Increased bilirubin in amniotic fluid could be
suggestive of what disease?
o Spina bifida
o Anencephaly
o Hemolytic disease of the newborn
o Glomerulonephritis

Answer 86

o Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 87

Amniotic fluid specimens soon after collection are
immediately protected from light to preserve which
of the following substances?
o Protein
o Bilirubin
o Phospholipid
o Fetal cells

Answer 87

o Bilirubin

Question 88

Which of the following is not a function of amniotic
fluid surrounding a developing fetus?
o Provides medium for oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange in the joints
o Enabled fetal movement
o Protects fetus from extreme temperature
change
o Provides protective cushion for the fetus

Answer 88

o Provides medium for oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange in the joints

Question 89

After the first trimester, what contributes most to
the amniotic fluid volume?
o Maternal blood
o Fetal urine
o Fetal blood
o Maternal urine

Answer 89

o Fetal urine

Question 90

Which of the following statements about Fern test if
not true?

o Differentiates amniotic fluid from maternal
urine
o Is a screening test for amniotic fluid
o Is a wet mount and utilizes Wright stain
o Is performed on vaginal fluid

Answer 90

o Is performed on vaginal fluid

Question 91

What is the maximum amount of collected amniotic
fluid per single amniocentesis?
o 1 mL
o 50 mL
o 30 mL
o 15 mL

Answer 91

o 30 mL

Question 92

What term denotes the newborn’s first bowel
movement that causes green coloration of the
amniotic fluid?
o Melena
o Meconium
o Hematochezia
o Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 92

o Meconium

Question 93

What is the confirmatory test for elevated
alphafetoprotein?
o Foam stability
o Lamellar bodies
o L/S ratio
o Amniotic acetylcholinesterase

Answer 93

o Amniotic acetylcholinesterase

Question 94

14. Increased alpha-fetoprotein in an amniotic fluid may
    indicate?
    o Megalocephaly
    o Fetal lung maturity
    o Hemolytic disease of the newborn
    o Spina bifida

Answer 94

o Spina bifida

Question 95

To ensure that it is safe for a preterm delivery.
Lecithin/Spingomyelin ratio is performed.
Chloroform added to remove contaminants such as
blood and meconium. An L/S ratio of 1.6 indicates?
o The lungs aren’t matured enough
o Fetal death
o The lungs are matured enough to sustain
outside environment
o It is safe for preterm delivery

Answer 95

o The lungs aren’t matured enough

Question 96

What is the normal L/S ratio for us to say that the
fetal lungs are already matured?
o 0.5
o 2.0
o 1.0
o 1.5

Answer 96

o 2.0

Question 97

After collection of amniotic fluid, why do physicians
discard the first 2-33 mL collected?
o Contaminated with maternal blood, tissue fluid
and cells
o The physician is lost on what he is doing
o The first 3 mL is mainly composed of water
o The first drops are foul-smelling

Answer 97

o Contaminated with maternal blood, tissue fluid
and cells

Question 98

What is the proper handling method for amniotic
fluid to be tested for fetal lung maturity?
o Placed in ice during transport and kept
refrigerated
o Covered with foil and protected from sunlight
o Maintained at 37 deg C
o Pre-heated at 40 deg C to hydrolyze fats

Answer 98

o Placed in ice during transport and kept
refrigerated

Question 99

What is the value of lamellar bodies that suggests
fetal lung maturity?
o 30,000/uL
o 33,000/uL
o 5,000/uL
o 15,000/uL

Answer 99

o 33,000/uL

Question 100

What graph is used to plot absorbance difference at
450 nm ang gestational age to assess the severity of
hemolytic disease of the newborn?
o AChe graph
o Liley graph
o Kleihauer-betke graph
o Reiv graph

Answer 100

o Liley graph