Lec 1- introduction

Question 1

Aim of clinical pharmaceutics lecture

Answer 1

• To demonstrate the importance of pharmaceutical knowledge in assessing information to ensure the safe and efficient use of medicines
• And the resolution of controversial issues

Question 2

Clinical pharmaceutics

Answer 2

Question 3

Who does/Knows what

Answer 3

• Pharmacology
  
  • Diagnose: Doc/Nurse/Pharmacist
  • Prescribe: Doc/Nurse/Pharmacist
• Pharmacy practice
  
  • Dispensing: Pharm tec/Pharmacist/Nurse/Doc
• Pharmaceutics
  
  • Drug delivery/formulation: Pharmacist

Question 4

Products for arthitis (Mercks manual 1899_

Answer 4

• Aconite
• As
• Colchicine
• Gold
• Li salts
• Hg salts
• KBr
• Saliformin- hexamine salicylate

Question 5

Monkshood (aconitine)

Answer 5

• Aconitine root- herbal remedy
• Aconitum napellus
• Not water soluble due to large ring structures = steric hinderence= water molecules can’t access H bond donor/acceptors

Question 6

Some uses of aconite (merck1899)

Answer 6

• Abcess
• Angina
• Arthitis
• Asthma
• Coughs
• Diptheria
• Enteritis
• Fever

Question 7

Strychnos Nux Vomica

Answer 7

• A source of strychnine used for exterminating moles
• In homeopathic world is used for:
  
  • constipation
  • flatulence
  • indigestion
  • stress
  • Sore throat

Question 8

Atropa belladonna

Answer 8

• A source of atropine used to dilate the pupils
• In homoeopathic world
  
  • Childbirth
  • Croup
  • Influenza
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Pneumonia

Question 9

Things to demonstrate

Answer 9

• Is there valid clinical data to support these claims
• Are we recommending this instead of known effective clinical intervention
• What is best for the patient

Question 10

Examples: Excipients

Answer 10

• 1937- an elixir of sulphanilamide in the US
  
  • Contained 10% diethylene glycol
    
    • As a co-solvent to dissolve the sulphonamide
• On sale for 2 months
  
  • Killed at least 76 people
    
    • Damage to liver and kidneys
• In response- the FDA was established
  
  • No thalidomide tragedy in the US

Question 11

Examples: Manufacturing Digoxin

Answer 11

• Digoxin- 1972
• Branded lanoxin
  
  • Manufactured by Burroughs Wellcome (GSK)
• New process produced smaller particle size
  
  • Increased bioavailability- 2-3 fold
  • Therapeutic index (effective tolerated dose) ~2
  • Toxicity to patients with fatalities