LEC 1 + CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the standards for responsible caring & maximizing benefits?

A

! II.8: provide coordinated services.
- avoid duplication or working at cross purposes.
2. II.9 record should support continued and coordinated care.
3. II.20: be aware of the knowledge and skills of other disciplines and advise the use of such knowledge and skills where relevant.
4. II.21: strive to provide and obtain services.
- may include recommending professionals other than psychologists.

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2
Q

What is counselling?

A
  • counselling= generic term used to describe a range of mental health professionals.
  • varied training and licenses required.
  • the registered clinical counsellor does not equal clinical psychologists.
  • the requirement in BC (registered clinical counsellor- RCC)
  • Masters degree
    - fields vary
  • completed counselling course requirements:
    - 1 course in each of the 6 areas (4 of which must be grad level, but all 6 can be taken in grad school).
  • 100 hours of clinical supervision
    - but only 25 hours has to be direct.
    - problem with this is that it’s not enough.
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3
Q

What are the requirements for counselling psychology and what is it?

A
  • counselling psychology requires mA
  • You can either get an mD or mA in counselling, but an mA is better because you can get your Ph.D. afterwards if you want to, but you can’t do that with mD.
    • mD usually expires after two years, whereas mA never expires.
  • mAs are thesis-based (research-based)- go through the same process as clinical psych- more psych focused than education focused.
  • evaluation and counselling of individuals, couples, families, and groups.
    • help people adjust to problematic events and accomplish life tasks within major spheres of work, education, relationships, and family.
  • focus on facilitating functioning across the lifespan.
  • work is generally with reasonably well-adjusted people.
  • main tasks:
    - preventive treatment, short-term counselling/ therapy, vocational counselling.
    - consultation
    - outreach
    required training:
    • PhD + internship.
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4
Q

What are the differences and similarities between counselling psych & clinical psych?

A

Clinical vs. Counseling
* Distinction becoming less meaningful?
* Not according to the College of Psychologists of BC
* Both may be trained in diagnosis and evidence-based practice, and both may work with psychopathology in a range of settings.
* Training programs differ.
* Counseling often within education, clinical within psych.
* Counseling = more career and vocational services
* Research focus often differs.
* clinical= psychopathology, clinical child and adolescent psychology, clinical health psychology
* counseling= minority/ cross-cultural issues, academic/ vocational issues
* Biggest distinction = the severity
o Clinical; more severe cases / more intensive
o Counseling; more day-to-day issues

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5
Q

What is school psychology?

A
  • Specialized training in psychology and education
  • Typically work in schools- can’t call yourself a school psychologists outside of school settings, new rule.
  • Focus on children functioning, particularly learning.
  • Assess intellectual functioning and learning difficulties.
  • develop/ evaluate programs to facilitate learning and mental health.
  • Consult regarding strategies for optimizing learning.
  • Some diagnoses, interventions, prevention (ADHD)
  • Attend to social, emotional, and medical factors in the context of learning and development.
  • Required training:
  • Master’s or PhD
  • Internship 1 year of supervised practice.
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6
Q

What are Therapists and psychotherapists

A
  • Unregulated; could mean anything.
  • Psychotherapy sometimes used to describe the multidisciplinary practice.
  • College Restrictions use of psychologists
  • Can’t call yourself a psychologists unless registered.
  • Buyer beware.
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7
Q

What do psychiatrists do, and how do you become one?

A
  • Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness
  • Rooted in medicine, the medical model.
  • Can treat medical problems, order tests, prescribe medications.
  • Identify relevant medical conditions, tease apart physical and emotional disorders.
  • Required training.
  • Basic medical training
  • Residency (about 5 years post MD).
  • Switching to mental health after residency- don’t use medical training too much, mainly treatment.
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8
Q

Psychiatry vs. clinical psychologists

A
  • Psychiatry focuses more on physiological and biochemical systems/functioning.
  • Less emphasis on development, cognition, learning psychological functioning.
  • Biopsychosocial model
  • Less research training.
  • Generally, emphasizes psychopharmacological treatment.
  • Less training in formal psychological assessment and psychotherapy
  • Is an emphasis on evidence-based treatment.
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9
Q

What are the differences in consultation between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists?

A

Consultation
* Goal = Increase the effectiveness by sharing expertise
* Remedial or preventative
* Clinical consultation:
* Providing information, advice, and recommendations about how best to assess, understand, or treat a client.
* Specific to one client or general to group
* Organizational consultation
* Developing prevention or intervention programs, evaluating service provision, or providing opinions on health care policies etc.,
* Includes legal consultation.
Clinical consultation- an ethical imperative
* In multidisciplinary teams
* With Other psychologists
* Regarding competence (standard II.8), objectivity, dual relationships (standard III.34), ethical issues (iii.38, iv. 18)
* Draw on expertise, the difference in perspective.
* With employees’ supervisees students and trainees (standard ii.25)
* With other professional
* With community members
* If concerned with cultural competence (standard ii.21).
Organizational consultation
* Needs assessment.
* Determine the extent of unmet health needs in the identified population.
* Program development
* Program evaluation
* Policy consultation
* With specific agency
* With government

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10
Q

What counts as clinical supervision?

A
  • Group or individual
  • Instruction
  • Modeling
  • Role plays
  • Major part of clinical training
  • Learn by doing
  • Many practice settings
  • Part of the registration process
  • Supervise junior colleagues
    Research supervision
  • Undergrad & grad
  • Help students;
  • Understand literature
  • Conceptualize research project
  • Design (ethical) studies
  • Collect and analyze data
  • Interpret findings
  • Prepare presentations/manuscripts
  • Instruction may be formal or informal
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11
Q

what kind of training can you do as a RCP? and what respective standards are there?

A

Training
* Train other mental health professions
* Orientations
* Skills training
* Providing consultations
* Train staff at your own practice
* Extended responsibility (standards, I.46-I.47, II.49-II.50, III.39-III.40)
* Everyone working under/with you must follow ethical guidelines
Relevant ethical standards
* Instruction should be current and scholarly (ii.24)
* Facilitate development by:
* Ensuring that students understand ethics
* Providing timely evaluations and constructive consultation and experience opportunities (Standard II.25)
* Encourage and assist in the publication of worthy papers (standard ii.26)
* Give proportionate credit for work/ ideas contributed by others (including students; standard III.37).

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12
Q

What are the two pillars of psych?

A

Science & Ethics
Science
* Use research evidence whenever available
* If not available, use a scientific frame of mind
* Systematic
* Questioning
* Self-critical
* Monitor effects\
* Formulate and test hypotheses
* Beware intuition
Ethics
* Why do we need ethical guidelines?
* Numerberg; a place in Germany where they ran unethical experiments, e.g., torture, etc., so they set out guidelines of ethics.
* Set out guidelines for professional practice.
* Important to question one’s actions/ services
* Evidence
* Potential risks and benefits

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13
Q

When was the code of ethics developed and by whom?

A

Canadian Code of Ethics
* Not developed until the 1980s
* Developed from analysis of the literature
* Incorporated knowledge of Canadian psychologists
* Includes an explicit model of ethical decision-making
* Differential weighting of ethical principles
* Respect for dignity
* Responsible caring
* Integrity in relationships
* Responsibility to society

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14
Q

What are the steps of ethical decision making?

A

Steps of ethical decision making
1. Identify the individual and groups potentially affected
2. Identify ethically relevant issues and practices, including the interest, rights, and characteristics of those individuals involved and the system/ circumstance in which the issue arose
3. Consider how personal biases, stresses, or self-interest might influence development/choice of action.
4. Develop alternative courses of action.
5. Analyze likely risks and benefits of each course of action on all involved/likely to be affected.
6. Choose a course of action after considering principles, values, and standards.
7. Act and assume responsibility for actions.
8. Evaluate results.
9. Assume responsibility for consequences, including correcting negative consequences or re-engaging in ethical decision making.
10. Act appropriately to prevent future occurrences of the dilemma.

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15
Q

Why do we classify/ categorize? And what are two things to consider when doing so?

A
  • Helps us to describe, understand, and predict others’ responses
  • Search for common elements, patterns
  • Central to science
  • Organize, describe, and relate subject matter
    Two things to consider…
  • Validity
  • Do the principles that you use to classify behaviour capture the nature of the behaviour?
  • Utility
  • Is the resulting classification scheme useful?
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16
Q

Why do we need to define what’s “normal”?

A
  • Usually aren’t concerned when things are going well.
  • When experience problems and symptoms, often want to know if they are normal.
  • Some problems very common and reflect normal reactions.
    o Some problems are not common and reflect clinical disorders.
  • Normative behavior can be described being able to complete daily tasks and abnormal can be described as anything that doesn’t allow us to complete our daily tasks.
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17
Q

Why is it hard to define “abnormal behavior”?

A
  • No single descriptive feature is shared by all forms of abnormal behavior.
  • No one criterion for “abnormality” is sufficient.
  • There is no discrete boundary between “normal” and “abnormal.”
  • Not just rare, unusual, bizarre, or shameful.
  • Need to consider context.
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18
Q

What are Different Definitions of Abnormal Behavior?

A
  • Statistical infrequency or violation of social norms.
  • The experience of subjective distress.
  • Disability, dysfunction, or impairment.
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19
Q

what does Satisfactory Infrequency or Violation of Social Norms mean?

A
  • Failure to conform as “abnormal.”
    o Depart from the mean (e.g., intellectual disability)
    o Depart from social norms.
  • Pros
    o Can use quantitative cut-offs.
    o Intuitively appealing – if we see it as abnormal, others likely do too.
  • Cons
    o Cut-offs are arbitrary.
    o How much deviation is too much?
    o It’s all relative/
    o Not all infrequent behaviors are problematic.
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20
Q

What are norms influenced by?

A

Values, Experiences
- Personal, cultural, and professional values can influence definition of abnormal.
- Can include beliefs based on theoretical models.
o E.g., belief that newborns don’t experience pain, that children don’t experience depression.
- Professional Relativity.
o What we see as abnormal may depend on our professional context.
- Incredibly important to base definitions on scientific evidence.

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21
Q

what does subjective distress mean?

A
  • Abnormal if it is distressing for the person.
  • Pros:
    o Seems reasonable to expect that people can assess whether they are experiencing problems.
    o Clinician does not have to make judgement call on whether maladjustment is “bad enough.”
  • Cons:
    o People can experience serious maladjustment and not experience distress (e.g., personality disorders, psychosis).
    o Ego syntonic vs. ego dystonic
     Ego syn; your actions follow your goals.
     Ego dys: your actions don’t follow your goals.
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22
Q

How much distress is too much?

A

Disability, dysfunction, or impairment
- Abnormal if it causes social (interpersonal) or occupational/ educational problems.
- Pros:
o Often requires little inference.
o Problems often prompt people to seek treatment.
- Cons: who defines dysfunction?
o Impairment is relative.
- Hard to agree on “adequate” level of functioning.

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23
Q

Abnormal Behavior vs. Mental Disorder

A
  • Abnormal behavior ≠ mental illness
  • Some problems/ symptoms are actually fairly normative.
    o Examples: panic attacks, intrusive thoughts.
  • Consider statistics on what is normal/ typical.
  • Mental disorders = syndromes
    o Cluster of abnormal behaviors that co-occur.
  • Should meet ALL diagnostic criteria.
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24
Q

How does the dsm-5 define mental disorder?

A

DSM- 5 Definition of a Mental Disorder.
- Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
- Reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying normal functioning.
- Usually associated with significant distress or disability in social. Occupational, or other important activities.
o Harmful dysfunction
- Distress and/ or impairment.

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25
Q

DSM- 5 What is NOT A Mental Disorder

A
  • An expectable or culturally approved response toa common stressor or loss.
  • Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society UNLESS the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual.
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26
Q

what are Additional Features of Mental Disorders

A
  • Dyscontrol
    o Must be voluntary or not readily controlled.
    o If voluntary, not a mental disorder.
  • Do you see any potential issues with this particular feature?
    o Eating disorder; voluntarily not eating
    o Self-harm; voluntarily harming themselves.
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27
Q

What are some key deatures of mental disorders?

A
  • Behaviours are abnormal.
  • Behaviours cause harm to individuals.
    o Distress and/ or impairment
  • Behaviours are outside of the individual’s control.
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28
Q

Why should we care about whether a behavior is abnormal or not?

A
  • Why should we care about whether a behavior is abnormal or not?
    o Because abnormal behaviour can tell us something is wrong.
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29
Q

How does culture influence definitions of normality and abnormality?

A

o Culture influences what we view as normal or not. In one culture, drinking alcohol might be frowned upon, but in another, it might encourage. Culture helps defines what is normative and what is not normative.

30
Q

What is Mental Health?

A

Mental health is a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitful;y, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.

31
Q

what age does mental health usually start?

A

About half of all mental disorders begin before people reach age 14.

32
Q

What is the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)?

A
  • Out of the Shadows at Last, published in 2006, reported on the Senate Commission on Mental Health, chaired by Senator Michael Kirby. Testimony from people with mental disorders, their families, service providers, and researchers drew attention to the urgent need for increased government investment to address the needs of the high numbers of Canadians suffering from mental disorders. Those key recommendations made the government establish MHCC.
33
Q

What are the two messages MHCC has about people living with a mental disorder?

A
    • They have the right to receive the services and supports they need.
    • They have the right to be treated with the same dignity and respect as those struggling to recover from any kind of illness.
34
Q

What are the 6 initiatives and projects of MHCC

A
  1. Opening Minds: a campaign to reduce the stigma associated with mental disorders and to eradicate discrimination faced by those living with mental health problems
  2. Mental Health First Aid: a program for training members of the public to assist a person developing a mental health problem or experiencing a mental health crisis
  3. Mental Health Strategy for Canada: an initiative for developing a national mental health strategy (over two-thirds of countries already have one; Canada lags behind the rest of the world in this regard)
  4. Knowledge Exchange Centre: an initiative designed to make evidence-based information about mental health widely available to both service providers and the public.
  5. Housing First: a program for providing people with housing and support services tailored to meet their needs.
  6. Peer Project: a project designed to enhance the use of peer support by creating and applying national guidelines of practice.
35
Q

what does clinical psych focus on?

A

By applying and using intervention strategies, and also assess, diagnose behavioral, emotional cognitive and mental disorders
▫ The application of psychological knowledge, theory and principles to understand, predict, and alleviate psychological problems and enhance well-being
▪ Target emotional, mental, developmental, behavioral, intellectual, and interpersonal problems (and then some)
▪ Focus on prevention, intervention, rehabilitation
▪ Includes research, teaching, and clinical service

36
Q

What is Evidence-based practice?

A

Scientifically informed decision making
▫ Synthesize information from:
▪ Research
▪ Systematic assessment
▪ Professional experience
▪ Client preferences
Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology
- Evidence-based practice: a practice model that involves the synthesis of information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional

37
Q

What does the EBP model require?

A

a. requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences when considering healthcare options and
b. emphasizes the importance of informing patients, based on the best available research evidence, about viable options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services.

38
Q

What are the main ethical standards?

A

Four guiding principles:
▪ Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons
▪ Principle II: Responsible Caring
▪ Principle III: Integrity in Relationships
▪ Principle IV: Responsibility to Society

39
Q

History of CP: what was it?

A

▫ Mental illness as demonic possession
Can be viewed as healthy in some ethnicities/religion and have to work with that – does not mean they have schizophrenia
▫ Greece 500-300 BC – Mental disorders were believed to be caused by natural causes
▪ Hippocrates – Biopsychosocial, “bodily fluid theory”
▫ The four humors
▪ Plato – societal forces and psychological needs
▪ Aristotle – Biological determinants

40
Q

What did early treatment look like in early CP

A

▫ The family was responsible for care
▫ “Heroic” treatments
▪ Bloodletting
▪ Purging
▪ Immersion in cold water
▫ 1600-1700s
Community became responsible for care
▪ Asylums – human warehouses, chemical shock therapy, psychosurgeries, lobotomies, ect

41
Q

What is biopsychosocial approach?

A
  • biopsychosocial approach: a theoretical framework that takes into account biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness created by Hippocrates.
42
Q

When did asylums see a big change nd by whom?

A
    • Reformer Philippe Pinel, the director of a major asylum in Paris in the late 1700s, ordered that the chains be removed from all mental patients and that patients be treated humanely. Around the same time in England, William Tuke advocated for the development of hospitals based on modern ideas of appropriate care and established a country retreat in which patients lived and worked. In the United States, Benjamin Rush promoted the use of moral therapy with the mentally ill (a treatment philosophy that encouraged the use of compassion and patience rather than physical punishment or restraint.
43
Q

what is the timeline of CP

A

1899 Germany: Diagnosis. Kraepelin develops the first diagnostic system.
1905 France: Intelligence testing. Binet and Simon develop a test to assess intellectual abilities in school children.
1939 U.S.: Intelligence testing. Wechsler develops the Wechsler-Bellevue test of adult intelligence.
1940s Canada: Intelligence testing. Revised Examination M is used for selection and assignment in the military.
1952 U.S.: Diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association publishes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders .
1968 U.S.: Diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association publishes the second edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
1980 U.S.: Diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association publishes the third edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
1994 U.S.: Diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association publishes the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
2013 U.S.: Diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association publishes the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
2018 Worldwide: Scheduled release of International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision.

44
Q

who is Kraepelin?

A
  • Kraepelin called these groups of symptoms that frequently co-occurred syndromes, and his classification system was built around identifying the ways in which these syndromes related to and differed from each other.
  • Kraepelin’s classification system was unparalleled, and his classification of what is now known as schizophrenia was one of his major accomplishments
  • ▫ First diagnostic system (early 1900s) ▫ Syndromes
    ▪ Based on covariation of symptoms
    ▫ Provide insights into nature of disorders
    ▪ Consistency in onset and course
    ▫ Divided into exogenous (curable) and endogenous (incurable)
    ▫ Basis for DSM and ICD
45
Q

History of CP – Measuring Individual Differences

A

▫ Early emphasis on measurement (1870s)
▪ Galton = individual differences
▫ Sensory acuity, motor skills, and reaction times, linked to intelligence
▪ Wundt = sensation and perception
▫ First psychology lab (1879)
▪ Cattell (1890s) linked reaction time and intelligence
▫ “Mental tests”
▫ First steps of the testing movement
▫ APA founded in 1892
Don’t need to know dates, know names!!! EXAM

History of CP – The Early Days of Intervention
▫ It all started with Freud (and Charcot, and Jung, and Adler, and others)
▫ Freud (1880s)
▪ Psychological basis vs biological basis (due to work with Charcot)
▪ Psychoanalytic Movement
▪ Psychopathology stems from unconscious processes
▫ Jung = collective unconscious
▫ Adler = social forces and roles

46
Q

Who is breuer?

A

Breuer (1880s)
▪ Conducted one of the FIRST talk therapy sessions with a client. Her name was “Anna O” (Bertha Pappenheim)
Before freud, was first documented one

47
Q

who is Lightner Witmer

A

▫ Credited with introduction of the term and profession of clinical
Psychology
▪ First clinical psychology clinic (1896)
▪ First course, first training program (1904)
▪ Proposed clinical psychology as a new profession (1907)
▪ First journal, The Psychological Clinic (1907)

48
Q

who is Alfred Binet?

A

▫ Early research on intelligence testing
▪ Identify children in need of special education programs
▪ First to emphasize norms
▫ 1908 – Binet-Simon scale of intelligence ▪ 50 standardized tests
▫ 1916 – Terman publishes Stanford-Binet
▪ First widely available scientifically based intelligence test
- Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon were invited to develop a strategy to measure mental skills that could yield information relevant to the identification of children with limited intelligence. By 1908, the two colleagues had developed the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence, which consisted of more than 50 tests of mental skills that could be administered to children between the ages of 3 and 13 years. Binet and Simon gathered extensive data on a large number of children—that is, they established norms.

49
Q

How did CP evolve in WWI

A

▫ Needed to assess mental fitness and mental abilities
▫ APA brought on board (1917)
▪ Army Alpha Test (verbal)
▪ Army Beta Test (non-verbal)
▫ Psychoneurotic Inventory (Woodworth, 1917) 1920s to 1930s
▫ Roots of behavior therapy
▪ Watson and Little Albert (1920), Mary Cover Jones (1924) and fear conditioning
▫ Group therapy, relationship therapy
▫ Wechsler-Bellevue test in 1939
▫ Interest tests
▫ Temperament and personality
▫ Projective tests
▪ Responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal personality

50
Q

History of CP – Therapy after WWII

A

▫ Increased demand for psychotherapy, not enough psychiatrists
▫ VA began to financially support training for psychologists
▪ Enhanced reputation of clinical psychology
▫ Move towards briefer forms of psychoanalysis
▫ Shifted focus to adult assessment and treatment

51
Q

Who is lewis terman

A
  • In 1916, Lewis Terman published a modification of this scale for use in the United States, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, which was the first widely available, scientifically based test of human intelligence.
52
Q

What is the Rorschach inkblot get?

A
  • One of the most influential and widely used projective tests, the Rorschach Inkblot Test, was published by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
  • The Rorschach Inkblot Test was also used in assessing children. Another projective technique that was considered suitable for both adults and children was the House-Tree-Person Test which involved the interpretation of the psychological meaning of qualities of a person’s drawing.
53
Q

What is CPA & M?

A
  • In Canada, the Test Construction Committee of the Canadian Psychological Association was responsible for the development of the Revised Examination M, which consisted of both verbal and non-verbal ability tests used in the selection and assignment of military personnel.
54
Q

What is MMPI?

A
  • The MMPI was, for many years to come, the epitome of the criterion-oriented approach to psychological test construction. The goal of the MMPI was to provide an easily administered test that could effectively screen for psychological disturbances among adults.
  • The fundamental differences between projective tests, which rely heavily on clinical judgment, and the MMPI, which relies on statistical analysis, set the stage for a critical evaluation of the value and accuracy of assessment in clinical psychology in the 1950s and 1960s.
55
Q

How did assessment lok in 1950s-60s?

A

▫ Critical evaluation of assessment
▪ Meehl (1954)
▫ Statistically based approach best, clinical is inferior
▪ Mischel (1968)
▫ Personality traits influence how others view us, not what we do
▫ Past experiences and environmental factors better predict psychological experience
Clinical research is dependent because things always change!!!!

56
Q

Assessment in 80s?

A

▫ With the DSM III came structured interviews
▪ Increase diagnostic reliability
▫ Research on the reliability, validity, and utility of specific criteria
▫ Research on etiology

57
Q

assessment in 90s-present?

A

▫ Multiple methods, multiple traits, multiple informants
▫ Often behavioral, increased computer scoring
▫ Scientific basis
▪ Psychometric properties
▪ Appropriate norms
▫ Use for treatment planning and evaluation
▪ Consider clinical utility
▪ Demonstrate effectiveness
▫ Managed care

58
Q

what did Psychotherapy look like since the 1980s

A

▫ Short term/brief therapy
▫ Manualized treatments
▫ APA standards for empirically supported therapies
▪ Lists available since 1995
▫ Policies on evidence-based practice
▫ Moving towards transdiagnostic protocols
Unified approaches
▫ Technology assisted
▪ Telehealth
▫ Health psychology
The connection between bio processes and psychological processes

59
Q

What is rehabilitation psychology?

A

Study individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions and help to improve their overall quality of life
▪ Promote good health, coping
▪ Provide training, educational, and support services, consultation in health care settings, community agencies
Separate programs or within counseling psychology
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Both promote coping/well-being, provide psychotherapy and administer assessments, require clinical internship
▫ Both work with mental or physical challenges
▫ Rehabilitation deals mostly with physical challenges, differ in emphasis on intervention vs. rehabilitation

60
Q

What is cognitive and biological psych?

A

▫ How the human mind thinks, remembers, and learns
▪ Perception, attention, memory, language, learning, problem solving, decision making, judgment
▫ Neuroimaging/brain structure and function ▫ Biopsychology
▪ Behavioral genetics, neurochemistry
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Share interests, methods
▪ Normal vs. abnormal structure, activation, performance
▪ Information processing (biases)
▫ Genetics, neurochemistry
▫ Informs research, theory, and practice (bidirectional)
What they determine has value
ie) how emotion connected to adhd

61
Q

What is social psych?

A

How we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world and how this affects our choices, behaviors, beliefs, and relationships
▪ How we are affected by others’ opinions
▪ Self in social context
▪ Personality
▪ Intergroup relations
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ TONS of overlap in interests
▫ Share academic journals (JSCP)
▫ Share methods, theories, inform research (bidirectional), apply
concepts in research and therapy
Others people’s reactions to our anxiety affect how we behave social == clinical relevance example

62
Q

What is developmental psych?

A

▫ How people grow, develop, and adapt over the course of their lives
▫ Apply research to help people overcome developmental challenges
and reach their full potential
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Shared interest in normal vs. abnormal development, impact of environmental factors
▪ Highly relevant to clinical child psychology
▫ Contributions by clinical psychology
▫ Developmental factors in mental health (lifespan)
▫ Joint programs (e.g., York, University of Pittsburgh, etc.)
Attachment style affect interactions with people = connection

63
Q

what is Industrial and Organizational Psychology?

A

▫ Study human behavior in organizations and the workplace
▫ Identify solutions to problems that improve well-being and performance of organizations and their employees
▪ Focus on training and development, leadership, work life, selection, performance evaluation, consumer preferences, customer satisfaction, marketing
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Both applied fields, scientist-practitioners, professional psychologists
▫ Share interest in normal/maladaptive personality
▫ Both emphasize assessment
▪ I/O more focused on prediction
More on prediction

64
Q

what is Sport and Performance Psychology?

A

▫ Study human behavior and abilities in sport, exercise, and performance
▫ Help people overcome psychological barriers that can impede their achievements and success
▪ Facilitate peak performance
▫ Enhance participation in physical activities
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Shared interests in resilience, emotional difficulties (e.g., anxiety, trauma)
▫ Both involve assessment, intervention, prevention
▫ May be licensed as clinical psychologists with added proficiency in sport psychology

65
Q

What is experimental psych?

A

Ask questions we want to know, and they will actually do it first on animals, then develop and apply in clinical settings
▫ Use science to explore the processes behind human and animal behavior
▫ Study behavioral topics including sensation, perception, attention, memory, cognition, and emotion
▪ Contribute work across subfields
▪ Basic research
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Theory and data relevant to a wide range of topics
▫ “Feeds” applied research and practice
▫ Shared interest in many topics
▫ Discussions of basic research often point to potential applications

66
Q

what is Educational Psychology?

A

How people learn and retain knowledge
Improve the learning process and promote educational success
▪ Apply theories of human development to understand learning styles and inform the instructional process
Educational Psychology (Psychology of Teaching and Learning)
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Both areas of applied psychology
▫ Shared interest in specific learning challenges
▫ Interaction between learning and clinical disorders
▫ Principles may be useful in treatment
▫ Note: Educational Psychology ≠ School Psychology
School psychology – assessment trained a lot

67
Q

What is Quantitiative psych?

A

▫ Study and develop methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes
▫ Statistical and mathematical modeling, research design, data analysis
▫ In high demand
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Source of research methodologies, statistical approaches, approaches to measurement, strategies for program evaluation
▫ Useful for mathematical and statistical modeling
▫ Approaches underlie most research in psychology

68
Q

What is climate and environmental psych?

A

▫ How people work with and respond to the world around them
▫ Influence of different environments on human responses (e.g.,
loneliness and stress)
▫ How to promote behavior change
How it relates to clinical psychology:
▫ Both applied fields
▫ Shared interest in environmental stressors, social support networks,how environment can be designed to optimize outcome (e.g., in treatment facilities), promoting behavioral change
▫ Close relationship to community psychology
Seasonal disorders,m moving from california to vancouver is a big change etc

69
Q

Imagine you’re a clinical psych working with a child who have difficulty learning math, development delayed, who would you const and why?

A

Education psychologist
A lot of ppl can consult with diff perspectives and helps inform your opinion in assessment

70
Q

CP working with an adult woman, reporting racial abuse with the team lead, who would you consult and why?

A

Social psychologist
Organizational psychologist
Cultural psychologist

71
Q

Working with adult male, experience a concussion in sports league

A

Sports psychologist
Health psychologist
Rehab psych