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Surgery Theo > Lec 1-2 Anasthesia > Flashcards

Lec 1-2 Anasthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘anesthesia’ mean?;

A

The term ‘anesthesia’ is derived from the Greek term ‘anaesthesia meaning ‘insensibility’

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2
Q

How is anesthesia induced?;

A

Anesthesia is induced by drugs that depress the activity of nervous tissue locally regionally

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3
Q

What are the key components of understanding anesthesia in veterinary practice?;

A

The key components include understanding the terms that describe the effects of anesthetic drugs in animals the pharmacology of anesthetic drugs and their antagonists

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4
Q

How was patient restraint achieved for anesthesia prior to 1540?; Patients were restrained by physical force as a method of anesthesia before 1540.

A
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5
Q

What physical trauma methods were used for anesthesia before 1540?; Physical trauma methods included inflicting a blow to the head

A

strangulation

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6
Q

What types of drugs were used for anesthesia before 1540?; Drugs such as alcohol

A

hashish

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7
Q

What was one method of anesthesia that involved the carotid artery?; Carotid artery compression was one method used for anesthesia prior to 1540.

A
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8
Q

What methods were used for anesthesia prior to 1540?; Prior to 1540

A

anesthesia was accomplished using drugs like alcohol

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9
Q

What physical methods were used to produce analgesia before 1540?; Rudimentary physical methods included packing a limb in ice or using a tourniquet.

A
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10
Q

How is general anesthesia defined?; General anesthesia is a state of unconsciousness produced by a process of controlled

A

reversible drug-induced intoxication of the CNS

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11
Q

What does analgesia imply in a conscious subject?; Analgesia implies diminished perception of pain in an otherwise conscious subject.

A
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12
Q

What are narcotics?; Narcotics are substances that can produce insensibility or stupor from which simple stimuli like noise can produce a temporary partial arousal. All anesthetics are narcotics

A

but not all narcotics are anesthetics.

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13
Q

What is narcosis?; Narcosis is a sleep-like state (unconsciousness) accompanied by varying degrees of analgesia.

A
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14
Q

What do hypnotics do?; Hypnotics are drugs that induce sleep from which the subject can easily be awakened by a wide variety of stimuli.

A
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15
Q

What is surgical anesthesia and what does it entail?; Surgical anesthesia is the loss of consciousness and sensation accompanied by sufficient muscle relaxation and analgesia to allow surgery to be performed without pain or movement by the animal.

A
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16
Q

What are ataractics and how do they differ from sedatives?; Ataractics are substances that produce sedation without causing drowsiness

A

and they are also known as tranquillizers.

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17
Q

What are sedatives and their primary effect on animals?; Sedatives are narcotic agents used to calm a nervous

A

vicious

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18
Q

What are the differences between local

A

regional

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19
Q

What are the three effects involved in general anesthesia as suggested by balanced anesthesia?; Narcosis

A

analgesia

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20
Q

What is balanced anesthesia?; Surgical anesthesia produced by a combination of two or more drugs or anesthetic techniques

A

each contributing its own pharmacologic effects; includes tranquilizers

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21
Q

How can general anesthesia be used in the management of convulsions?; To control convulsions like in epilepsy and tetanus.

A
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22
Q

What is one humane reason for using general anesthesia in veterinary practice?; For euthanasia.

A
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23
Q

In what situation might general anesthesia be used to capture animals?; To capture wild and vicious animals.

A
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24
Q

What dental procedure may necessitate the use of general anesthesia?; For dentistry procedures.

A
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25
Q

What is the primary physiological effect of general anesthetics on the central nervous system?; General anesthetics produce progressive loss of consciousness and voluntary motor function.

A
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26
Q

What are the two groups of general anesthetics?; The two groups of general anesthetics are volatile or gaseous agents

A

such as halothane and nitrous oxide

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27
Q

What are the two distinct types of substances used in anesthesia?; The two distinct types of substances used in anesthesia are local anesthetics

A

which have selective transient paralytic action on sensory and motor nerves

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28
Q

How are volatile anesthetic agents administered?; Volatile anesthetic agents are administered by inhalation.

A
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29
Q

How are nonvolatile anesthetic agents typically administered?; Nonvolatile anesthetic agents are usually given by injection.

A
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30
Q

What are the methods of administering local anesthesia or achieving analgesia?; Local anesthesia or analgesia can be achieved by surface application

A

intradermal or subdermal infiltration

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31
Q

What are the two types of spinal block injections used in regional analgesia?; The two types of spinal block injections used in regional analgesia are epidural injection and intrathecal injection.

A
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32
Q

What is regional analgesia and how can it be administered?; Regional analgesia can be administered by perineural injection

A

spinal block (which includes epidural and intrathecal injections)

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33
Q

What is one method of administering regional analgesia through the veins?; One method of administering regional analgesia through the veins is by intravenous regional anesthesia.

A
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34
Q

How can sedation be achieved in veterinary practice?; Sedation can be achieved in combination with local anesthetics or in combination with general anesthetics.

A
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35
Q

What are the methods of administering general anesthesia?; General anesthesia can be administered by inhalation

A

by injection of nonvolatile

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36
Q

What is acupuncture and what are its claimed benefits?; Acupuncture is an alternative medicine that treats patients by insertion and manipulation of needles in the body

A

claiming to relieve pain

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37
Q

What does TENS stand for and what is its purpose?; TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

A

which is the use of electric current produced by a device to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes.

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38
Q

What is electronarcosis?; Electronarcosis is unconsciousness induced by passing a weak electric current through the brain or to the body for therapeutic purposes.

A
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39
Q

What is hypothermia in the context of anesthesia?; Hypothermia refers to a medical condition where the body temperature drops below the normal level

A

which can affect anesthesia management and patient safety.

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40
Q

What are some factors that affect general anesthesia in veterinary practice?; Factors affecting general anesthesia include age

A

size and body weight

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41
Q

What is the significance of patient health status in relation to anesthetic risk?; Patient health status is significant because underlying health issues can increase the likelihood of complications during anesthesia

A

making it crucial to assess and address these issues beforehand.

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42
Q

What is anesthetic risk in veterinary practice?; Anesthetic risk refers to the potential complications and adverse effects that may occur during or after the administration of anesthesia in animals.

A
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43
Q

What role does age play in anesthetic risk for animals?; Age plays a critical role in anesthetic risk

A

as very young or old animals may have different physiological responses to anesthesia

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44
Q

What factors contribute to anesthetic risk in animals?; Factors contributing to anesthetic risk include the animal’s age

A

breed

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45
Q

How can veterinarians minimize anesthetic risk?; Veterinarians can minimize anesthetic risk by conducting thorough preanesthetic examinations

A

selecting appropriate anesthetic agents

46
Q

How does the experience level of a surgeon influence the duration and quality of an operation?; An inexperienced surgeon may take much longer to perform an operation using rough techniques

A

which can produce intense and extensive trauma to the tissue and cause severe metabolic disturbances.

47
Q

How does the experience of the anesthetist influence the risk to the animal during anesthesia?; The experience

A

familiarity

48
Q

What is the impact of available facilities on managing crises during anesthesia?; Crises arising during anesthesia are usually more easily overcome in well-equipped veterinary hospitals than under primitive conditions which may be encountered on farms.

A
49
Q

How does acquired heart disease differ from congenital heart disease in terms of its impact on anesthesia?; Acquired heart disease is of more serious concern in anesthesia as it tends to affect both the myocardium and the valves

A

weakening the heart muscle even in early stages

50
Q

Why is knowledge of the effective function of the heart more important than the exact nature of the cardiac lesion in anesthesia?; Knowledge of the effective function of the heart is more important because acquired heart disease can significantly weaken the heart muscle

A

impacting anesthesia safety.

51
Q

What is a soft moist cough associated with in respiratory disease?; A soft moist cough is associated with the presence of airway secretions

A

which may lead to respiratory obstruction and lung collapse when the cough reflex is suppressed by anesthesia.

52
Q

What is hypoproteinemia and how does it affect drug binding in the bloodstream?; Hypoproteinemia refers to a condition where there is a low level of protein in the blood

A

particularly albumin

53
Q

How does renal disease impact drug activity in veterinary anesthesia?; Renal disease can affect drug metabolism and excretion

A

leading to altered drug activity and potential toxicity due to impaired clearance of anesthetic agents.

54
Q

What factors should be considered when selecting an anesthetic method for surgical operations?; The nature and magnitude of the surgical operation are key factors. For simple operations like the incision of superficial abscesses or excision of small neoplasms

A

local anesthesia may suffice. However

55
Q

How does the site of the operation influence the selection of anesthesia type?; The selection of the type of anesthesia depends on the complexity of the structures near the operation site; for example

A

operations near the eye may be dangerous under local anesthesia due to potential movement by the conscious animal.

56
Q

What type of anesthesia is typically used for short minor operations?; Short minor operations can be performed after intravenous injection of a small dose of an agent such as thiopentone sodium.

A
57
Q

How is anesthesia maintained during longer operations?; For longer operations

A

a longer acting agent supplemented by local anesthesia is used

58
Q

What is the purpose of using preanesthetic medications in veterinary anesthesia?; Preanesthetic medications are used to prevent undesirable effects of certain anesthetics

A

reduce the amount of general anesthetic required

59
Q

How does the size of an animal affect the difficulty and dangers associated with general anesthesia?; In general

A

the larger an animal is

60
Q

Why might methods used for dogs and cats be unsuitable for larger animals like horses and oxen?; Methods that are safe and satisfactory for dogs and cats may be quite unsuitable for horses and oxen due to their larger size and different physiological responses.

A
61
Q

What can be used to induce a transient period of unconsciousness in horses during operations?; Recent introduced drugs can be used to induce a transient period of unconsciousness in horses during operations.

A
62
Q

Why is adequate restraint necessary during operations on horses?; Adequate restraint is necessary for the safety of both the surgeon and the animal

A

even for simple operations that require the horse to be recumbent.

63
Q

What is an important consideration when administering general anesthesia to horses in the standing position?; Induction must be unassociated with excitement

A

and excitement should also be avoided during the recovery period.

64
Q

What is the purpose of blocking peripheral sensory nerves in anesthesia?; Blocking peripheral sensory nerves provides anesthesia for a part of the body

A

allowing operations to be performed without the use of general anesthesia.

65
Q

Why are ruminants considered unsuitable subjects for inhalation anesthesia?; Ruminants are unsuitable subjects for inhalation anesthesia unless endotracheal intubation is used.

A
66
Q

What method of anesthesia is recommended for fieldwork with ruminants?; General anesthesia by intravenous injection without abolition of the swallowing and belching reflexes is recommended

A

especially if combined with local anesthesia.

67
Q

What is perineural block suitable for?; Dehorning.

A
68
Q

What type of anesthesia is widely used for major abdominal operations in certain animals?; Paravertebral or lumbar epidural injection.

A
69
Q

What type of anesthesia is used for digit surgery?; Intravenous regional anesthesia.

A
70
Q

What specific care is required when using agents that cause slow recovery from anesthesia in brachycephalic dogs?; Particular care is required to monitor and manage their airway due to the risk of obstruction from jaw muscle relaxation.

A
71
Q

Why are brachycephalic breeds of dogs considered bad subjects for general anesthesia without endotracheal intubation?; Brachycephalic breeds have a skull structure that can lead to jaw muscle relaxation causing airway obstruction

A

necessitating careful management during anesthesia.

72
Q

What challenges are commonly faced when anesthetizing cats?; Cats are often a difficult subject to anesthetize quietly and smoothly

A

and restraining them may provoke violent struggling and sometimes frenzy.

73
Q

What is one method to achieve a quiet onset of unconsciousness in cats during anesthesia?; There are agents which can be given by intramuscular injection to produce a quiet

A

trouble-free onset of unconsciousness.

74
Q

Why should food and water be withheld from an animal on the day of an elective operation under general anesthesia?; Food and water should be withheld to prevent a distended stomach

A

which may interfere with diaphragm movement and hinder breathing

75
Q

Why is fasting life threatening for birds and many small animals?; Fasting of birds and many small animals is actually life threatening.

A
76
Q

What risk does a full stomach pose in horses during general anesthesia?; A full stomach in horses may rupture when the animal is forcibly cast or falls to the ground as unconsciousness is induced.

A
77
Q

How does a few hours of starvation affect fermentation in ruminants under general anesthesia?; A few hours of starvation will reduce the rate of fermentation and delay the development of tympany when eructation is suppressed by general anesthesia in ruminants.

A
78
Q

What is the treatment for fluid deficit in veterinary practice?; Treatment involves intravenous infusion with isotonic saline

A

Hartmann’s solution

79
Q

What should be done when a delay in surgery is inadvisable and hemoglobin levels are low?; The transfusion of red blood cells is indicated.

A
80
Q

What is the recommended action for raising hemoglobin levels when surgery can be delayed for 2 or more weeks?; The oral or parenteral administration of iron may raise the hemoglobin to a satisfactory concentration.

A
81
Q

Why is it important to use short-acting insulin before elective surgery in diabetic animals?; Using short-acting insulin ensures that there is no active long-acting insulin preparation left on the day of operation

A

making it easier to control blood sugar during the perioperative period.

82
Q

What is the recommended insulin treatment for diabetic animals prior to elective surgery?; It is advisable to treat diabetic animals with purely short-acting insulin a few days prior to elective surgery.

A
83
Q

What has changed in the clarity of anesthetic stages due to modern anesthetic drugs?; Nowadays

A

due to rapid induction anesthetic drugs

84
Q

What are the stages of anesthesia that an animal passes through during general anesthesia?; The animal passes through a series of anesthetic stages and planes correlated with changes in anesthetic depth.

A
85
Q

How do anesthetic drugs like diethyl ether affect the clarity of anesthetic stages during induction?; Diethyl ether causes slow induction

A

making the stages of anesthesia very evident.

86
Q

How does fear affect an animal in Stage I of anesthesia?; Fear may cause increased respiratory and pulse rates

A

or it may remain normal

87
Q

What is the muscle tone like in Stage I of anesthesia?; Muscle tone is good in Stage I of anesthesia.

A
88
Q

What can be observed about pupil size in Stage I of anesthesia?; Pupil size may be normal or dilated due to fear in Stage I of anesthesia.

A
89
Q

What is the status of reflexes in Stage I of anesthesia?; All reflexes are present during Stage I of anesthesia.

A
90
Q

What characterizes Stage I of anesthesia in animals?; In Stage I

A

the animal is conscious and may show forceful efforts to avoid being anesthetized

91
Q

What occurs during Stage II of anesthesia in animals?; During Stage II

A

the animal loses consciousness abruptly

92
Q

What are the characteristics of respiration during Stage II of anesthesia?; Respiration is very irregular with breath holding due to struggling.

A
93
Q

When does Stage II of anesthesia end?; Stage II ends when the animal shows signs of relaxation

A

slower respiration

94
Q

Why is Stage II of anesthesia considered unpleasant for the animal?; Stage II is unpleasant for the animal and potentially hazardous to the anesthetist due to the risk of epinephrine release and the possibility of cardiac arrhythmias or arrest.

A
95
Q

How does the pupil respond to light during anesthesia?; The pupil is dilated but will constrict in response to intense light.

A
96
Q

What characterizes Plain 1 of Stage III surgical anesthesia?; In Plain 1

A

respiration becomes regular

97
Q

What type of surgical procedures can be performed during Plain 1 of Stage III anesthesia?; Minor operations can be done.

A
98
Q

What happens to the pupil’s size and response to light during certain stages of anesthesia?; The pupil becomes constricted and normal in size

A

with diminished response to intense light.

99
Q

How does an animal appear during anesthesia

A

and what is its tolerance for surgical procedures in Plain 1 of Stage III?; The animal appears unconscious but will not tolerate surgical procedures.

100
Q

What reflex disappears

A

allowing for successful endotracheal intubation during anesthesia?; The swallowing reflex.

101
Q

What physiological responses occur in an animal’s respiratory and heart rate when exposed to painful stimuli during anesthesia?; Both respiratory and heart rate will increase in response to painful stimuli.

A
102
Q

What reflex is observed in dogs and cats when the web between the digits is pinched during anesthesia?; The pedal reflex

A

where the animal pulls away the limb.

103
Q

What effects does Plain 2 anesthesia have on heart rate and blood pressure?; Plain 2 anesthesia causes a mild decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.

A
104
Q

What response may surgical stimulation evoke in a patient under Plain 2 anesthesia?; Surgical stimulation may evoke a mild response such as increased heart and respiratory rate

A

but the patient remains immobile and unconscious.

105
Q

What is the suitability of Plain 2 anesthesia for surgical procedures?; Plain 2 anesthesia is suitable for most surgical procedures except intra-abdominal surgeries.

A
106
Q

How does respiration change under Plain 2 anesthesia?; Under Plain 2 anesthesia

A

respiration is regular but shallow with little changes in character.

107
Q

What changes occur in skeletal muscle tone and reflexes during anesthesia?; Skeletal muscle tone becomes more relaxed

A

many reflexes like laryngeal

108
Q

What happens to the position of the eyeball during anesthesia in dogs and cats?; In dogs and cats

A

the eyeball becomes fixed and central in position

109
Q

What does a sluggish pupillary light response indicate in an anesthetized animal?; A sluggish pupillary light response may indicate a deeper level of anesthesia or potential neurological issues.

A
110
Q

What are the characteristics of deep anesthesia in veterinary practice?; In deep anesthesia

A

automatic breathing is still present but the respiratory rate increases while the respiratory depth decreases

111
Q

What are the signs indicating Stage IV of anesthesia

A

which is characterized by overdose?; 1 - The thoracic components of the inspiratory act gradually disappear. 2 - The pulse becomes rapid and weak. 3 - The pupil becomes dilated. 4 - The eyeball presents a fish eye appearance due to cessation of lacrimal secretion. 5 - Cyanosis appears and is replaced by an ashen-grey color

Surgery Theo (6 decks)

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