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OS 217 Oncology > Lec 08 Cancer Epidemiology > Flashcards

Lec 08 Cancer Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify level of disease prevention:

Before disease occurs

A

Primary

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2
Q

Identify level of disease prevention:

Avoidance of smoking

A

Primary

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3
Q

Identify level of disease prevention:

Prior to its clinical manifestations

A

Secondary

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4
Q

Identify level of disease prevention:

Before clinical progression

A

Tertiary

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5
Q

How/when can a disease be considered a primary health concern?

A

When it is a top cause of mortality and morbidity

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6
Q

What is/are the differences between a public health

problem and a clinical health problem?

A

• Public health problem – community is concerned; for
instance, people’s lifestyle

• Clinical health problem – management of individual
patients

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7
Q

Incidence to mortality ratio (IMR) of cancer

A

2:1

For every 2 new cases, one of them will die

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8
Q

Type of CA with the worst prognosis.

A

Pancreatic CA.

IMR: 1.1:1

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9
Q

The number of new cases in a population at risk

A

Incidence

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10
Q

Top 10 cancers in the Philippines:

A
  1. Breast 6. Colon
  2. Lung 7. Thyroid*
  3. Liver 8. Stomach
  4. Cervix 9. Nasopharynx
  5. Leukemias* 10. Lymphoma*
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11
Q

Easiest way to prevent 85% of the top 10 cancers.

A

By NOT SMOKING

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12
Q

Virus associated with nasopharyngeal CA

A

EBV

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13
Q

Leading cancer in children

A

Leukemia

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14
Q

Proposed sequence of carcinogenic events?

A

Normal cell -> (Biologic effects->Genetic alterations) -> proliferation -> atypia -> in situ -> invasive cancer -> metastasis

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15
Q

What is the difference between a complication and disease progression?

A

A complication is any condition that arises which
complicates the primary disease. For example, a
symptom arises due to the treatment administered.

• Disease progression is the primary disease of
interest. The disease is just following its natural course.

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16
Q

What do you call the black spots of tar in a smoker’s lung?

A

Anthracosis

17
Q

1 Cause of Liver CA

A

Hep B virus

18
Q

Pre-cancerous lesion for Oral CA

A

leukoplakia

19
Q

You should not be exposed to the sun during this time to avoid Skin cancer.

A

10am-2pm

20
Q

Current lifestyle shows that the HPV vaccine is protective for how many years?

A

6-8 years

21
Q

Essential vitamins for the prevention of CA of breast, stomach, and oropharynx

A

Vitamins A,C,E

22
Q

What is the difference between a risk factor and a causative agent?

A

A risk factor adds to the probability of developing the
disease (cancer)

A causative agent causes the disease

Ex. Hep B is the causative agent for hepatitis. However, it
is only a risk factor for developing hepatocellular CA

23
Q

How can pap smear be used as primary prevention for cervical CA

A

to see CIN 3 – cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a precervical CA lesion

24
Q

Denaturation of proteins coming from destroyed cells used in the community when no pap smear in available.

A

Aceto-whitening

25
Q

cobblestone appearance that is pathognomonic of HPV infection

A

Mosaicism

26
Q

Starting age for breast self examination

A

25

27
Q

Best time to do BSE is:

A

after shower and before bed on the 5-7 days after the last menstrual day, since nodulations caused by hormones are at a minimum; or on first day of month if not menstruating

28
Q

T/F Fibrocystic changes have higher probability of progressing to breast cancer than fibroadenoma

A

T

29
Q

If polyp is beyond this size, a mandatory polypectomy should be done and tissue recovered should be subjected to biopsy

A

2cm

30
Q

Population at risk for cervical CA

A

sexually active females

31
Q

9 Danger Cancer Signs

A

CAUTION US
C hange in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that does not heal

U nusual bleeding and/or discharge

T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing

O bvious change in wart or mole

N agging cough or hoarseness

U nexplained anemia

S udden weight loss

32
Q

Define CURE, CONTROL and PALLIATION

A

CURE – if treatment is given, survival of patient is the
same as any normal person, same age, sex, and
comorbidities (quantity of life)

CONTROL – if treatment is given, survival is longer
than that of a patient with same diagnosis, cancer stage,
age, and sex (quantity and quality of life)

PALLIATION – treated or untreated, survival is the
same (goal is quality of life)

OS 217 Oncology (14 decks)

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