Lec 01 Basic Neoplasia Flashcards
According to Galen, the excess of this humor causes cancer.
A. blood B. phlegm C. yellow bile D. black bile E. saliva
D. black bile
blood = inflammation phlegm = pneumonia yellow bile = jaundice black bile = cancer saliva not part of the 4 humors
ID: First tumor classification made by Andreas Vesalius.
immovable vs movable
T/F: William Halsted’s radical mastectomy patients had the same survival rates compared to patients who declined surgery.
T.
- too much tissues removed
- led to chronic pain and edema
- metastases not removed
Enumerate the 6 hallmarks of malignancy according to Hanahan and Weinberg (2000).
self-sufficiency in growth signals insensitivity to anti-growth signals evading apoptosis limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis tissue invasion and metastasis
Genes that keep the integrity of the genome mainly include
A. oncogenes
B. tumor suppressor genes
C. DNA repair genes
D. apoptosis-related genes
C. DNA repair genes
True of oncogenes EXCEPT
A. promote cell proliferation
B. recessive
C. highly conserved and always turned off
D. may be overridden by tumor suppressor genes
E. NOTA
B.
Oncogenes are DOMINANT.
Activation of proto-oncogenes occur during
A. hepatitis B. wound-healing C. embryonic stage D. A&B only E. AOTA
E. AOTA
Proto-oncogenes are activated whenever there is a need for proliferation.
RAS belongs to what category of oncogenes
A. growth factors B. growth factor receptors C. signal transducers D. transcriptional activators E. cell cycle regulators
C. signal transducers
Point mutation that leads to production of stop codon
A. missense mutation B. nonsense mutation C. silent mutation D. frameshift deletion E. frameshift insertion
B. nonsense mutation
Instead of glycine, what amino acid is produced in codon 12 of bladder CA with HRAS mutation?
A. valine B. lysine C. leucine D. glycine E. serine
A. valine
CGC to CTC
ID: This mutation in lung CA is indicative of poor prognosis.
KRAS
A deletion frameshift mutation moves the reading frame to the:
A. left B. right C. no change D. either A or B E. down
A. left
deletion - left
insertion - right
Which of the following results in a longer mRNA strand?
A. incomplete removal of an intron B. incomplete removal of an exon C. complete removal of an intron D. complete removal of an exon E. AOTA
A. incomplete removal of intron
Introns should be COMPLETELY removed.
You DON’T remove exons.
ID: In the absence of p53, frayed ends of two different chromosomes may join together especially when the telomeres are already eroded. This pathway is called:
non-homologous end junctions (NHEJ) pathway
ID: The BCR-ABL fusion gene is also known as:
Philadelphia chromosome
ID: The BCR-ABL fusion gene is inhibited by what targeted therapy molecule?
imatinib mesylate
HER2 in breast cancer is a form of
A. translocation mutation B. splice mutation C. amplification mutation D. point mutation E. recombination mutation
C. amplification mutation
multiple copies of HER2 gene > overexpression of receptors > highly sensitive > poor prognosis
ID: What enzyme coverts viral RNA to viral DNA inside the cell?
reverse transcriptase
Which is TRUE about tumor suppressor genes?
A. recessive and highly conserved B. mutation probability is 1:1M C. always kept on D. A&B only E. AOTA
E. AOTA
T/F: Mutated oncogenes + normal tumor suppressor genes will not be malignant.
T
TSGs overrides oncogenes.
Which is not a regulator of the cell cycle?
A. APC B. TP53 C. RB D. CDKN2A E. NOTA
A. APC
APC is an inhibitor of WNT signalling.
True of Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis EXCEPT:
A. wild type tumor suppressor genes needs two hits
B. loss of heterozygosity leads to malignancy
C. inherited TSG mutations needs two hits
D. 2nd hit may be from deletion
E. NOTA
C.
When you have an inherited mutated TSG, you only need ONE other hit.
ID: Phenomenon wherein deactivation of just 1 copy of a TSG allele (1 hit only) will lead to expression of malignancy.
haploinsufficiency
It means that 2 normal TSG alleles are needed for proper functioning.
NF2 gene product which mediates contact inhibition.
A. TGF-B B. neurofibromin C. merlin D. E-cadherin E. NOTA
C. merlin
Neurofibromin is a product of NF1.
E-cadherin also mediates contact inhibition but is not a product of NF2.
Activates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in late stage tumors.
A. TGF-B B. neurofibromin C. merlin D. E-cadherin E. NOTA
A. TGF-B
Which of the following is NOT involved in DNA repair?
A. MSH2 B. PMS2 C. BRCA1 D. KIT E. NOTA
D. KIT
KIT is an oncogene.
ID: These are tandem repeats of one to six nucleotides that arise from inefficient repair and replication resulting in increased mutations of oncogenes and TSGs.
microsatellite instability
T/F: DNA repair genes are also governed by the two-hit hypothesis.
T