Learning to perceive and understand the world Flashcards
What numerous visual preferences do Infants of only a week old show?
Bullseye figures over striped figures
Checkerboard figure over plain square figures
Schematic faces over almost any other stimulus
What are the 5 behavioural Techniques for looking into visual perception in infants ?
Visual preferences
Preferential tracking
Visual habituation
Fixed- trial familiarisation
Violation of expectation
What ways do newborn infants discriminate shape?
configural shape, contour density, orientations of lines
Infants can discriminate forms changes in first months, elaborate on this?
1.5 month olds dishabituate to novel orientation
3.5 month olds dishabituate to novel angle
Infants perceive the lightness and surface reflectance of objects differently to adults, elaborate on this?
3-4 month infants detected changes in light but not surface reflectance
7-8 months infants detected changes in surface reflectance but not light field
Describe Alan slaters fixed familiarisation
Demonstrates that newborns could perceive objects of constant size, shape and form in the first days of life on the basis of angular configuration
What is violation of expectation?
Habituation, possible test, impossible test
3.5 month old infants look longer at impossible event despite its perceptual familiarity
Early knowledge and expectations of permanence and solidity
What is modified habituation
Habituated 4 month olds demonstrated to a partly occluded rod - looking preference for a broken rod over a complete rod
What is paigets object permanence?
Observed that 6 month olds show striking neglect of object once hidden
What is the core knowledge account?
Spelke argues we have innate neural systems which provide us with core knowledge about the world such as numerosity, object permanence and solidity
What is piagets constructionism ?
Multisensory links may be involved in the development of a fuller understanding of objects
Where does multisensory information arrive at?
different latencies,
levels of acuity
spatial formats
Where do Different sense systems transude information ?
different speeds, different codes, and move relative
What is the Intersensory redundancy hypothesis for Current accounts of multisensory development
Amodal information (available early)
- Arbitrary correspondences (learnt)
Describe Amodal information (available early)
Multisensory information which is equivalent across modalities
Coded in common representational format (e.g. tempo, pattern, intensity)
Describe Arbitrary correspondences (learnt)
Multisensory information which carry distinct information in separate modalities (e.g. the colour of an instrument)
What is Evidence for intersensory redundancy hypothesis
Amodal audiovisual presentations assist infants in learning of arbitrary relations
How do SVI (visually impaired) infants locate sounds?
Auditory localization was unimpaired in SVI infants
How do SVI infants locate touches?
Tactile localisation advantage in SVI infants
Do SVI infants integrate sounds and touches ?
Enhanced audio tactile spatial integration in sighted infants
Multisensory spatial conflict advantage in SVI infants
Describe face preferences in newborns
- Preferential tracking of faces at 30 minutes old
- Newborns prefer direct eye contact
- Face preferences in utero
Describe Auditory perception in utero
The auditory system functions well before birth (foetuses startle in response to loud sounds)
Recognition of people, speech and soap operas
Describe Olfactory learning about people in utero
Sense of smell and taste are among the first to develop (4-8 weeks gestation)
Preference for maternal milk and amniotic fluid odours at birth
What is the Trans Natal chemosensory continuity hypothesis
the idea that uterine chemosensory environment prepares infant for their postnatal sensory world
Describe Learning to perceive flavours in utero
- Consistent set of facial responses, appreciative of sweet and salty and rejecting bitter tastes
Describe the Perceptual narrowing of speech sound perception
6 month olds are initially able to discriminate between phonemes across languages
but 12 month olds can’t discriminate phonemes which are not differentiated in their own language
Describe the Perceptual narrowing of narrowing of face perception
6 month olds were able to discriminate between both the human faces and the monkey faces
10 month olds were only able to discriminate between human faces
No preference to look at faces until 2 months old
Preferential tracking of faces available postnatally
Define perceptual narrowing
the reduction in sensitivity in task irrelevant domains (a signature of developing specialisation)
How is the social brain develop?
Greater blood flow in pSTS/TPJ in response to visual observation of actions correlated with fine motor skill
