Attachment Flashcards
What are the 4 differences in attachment
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Resistant attachment
Disorganized attachment
Describe secure attachment (in toddlers)
(60%)
May or may not cry upon separation
positive reaction to reunion
Contact with caregiver reduces distress
Describe avoidant attachment (in toddlers)
(15%)
No distress when separated
Does not approach at reunion
Treats caregiver and stranger similarly
Describe resistant attachment (in toddlers)
(10%)
distress when separated
Resists contact at reunion
Contact with caregiver does not reduce distress
Describe disorganized attachment (in toddlers)
(15%)
No consistent pattern of behaviour at separation
No consistent pattern of behaviour at reunion
May react to caregiver with fear
How do you measure attachment behaviour in children
Strange situation procedure (12-20m)
Attachment Q-sort (12m-6 years)
How do you measure attachment representations in later years
Child attachment interview (7+ years)
Adult attachment interview (16+ years)
Describe the Adult attachment interview (AAI)
recollections about early relationships reveal individual differences in attachment representations
Standardized interview with 15 questions
Transcript scored using: Reflection (making sense of experience), Coherence (evidence, consistency)
What are the Adult attachment interview attachment styles?
Secure attachment:
Dismissing attachment
Preoccupied attachment
Unresolved attachment
Describe secure attachment (in adults)
Talks easily about relationships
Coherent and consistent accounts
Understands past difficulties
Describe dismissing attachment (in adults)
difficulty remembering experiences
Describes parents positively but does not give evidence
Describe preoccupied attachment (in adults)
Exesssive attention to caregiver memories
Confused, angry
Describe unresolved attachment (in adults)
Experience of trauma
Still focused on unresolved issues
Describe the child attachment interview
perceptions of attachment figures current availability
Separate representations for each figure
Developmentally appropriate scaffolding
Non verbal and verbal info used in analysis
15 questions
in regards to universality and normativity what do all infants show?
show attachment behaviours and a preferential bond with one or more caregiver (over strangers)
Where is secure attachment the norm in?
non threatening situations
What is the prototype account?
early caregiving experiences give rise to attachment representations
Working models grow over time and shape relationships with others
What is the revisionist account?
early caregiving experiences give rise to attachment representations
Changes in caregiving experiences can lead to updated representations
How do you test the prototype account?
continuity hypothesis
How do you test the revisionist account?
lawful discontinuity
What is the sensitivity hypothesis
the causes of variation in attachment security are largely if not entirely environmental
Caregivers sensitivity to infants attachment cues is the primary environmental determinant
What are the 3 ways we establish causal relationships?
Covariation = observed variables must co-vary
Non- spuriousness = Covariation must not be spurious
Temporality = Causal factors must precede outcomes
What design do we use to describe a phenomenon?
cross- sectional designs
What design do we use to Identify naturally occurring predictors?
Longitudinal designs
What design do we use for Identifying possible causes of change?
intervention studies
what are the 4 types of longitudinal designs?
Longitudinal designs 1
Longitudinal designs 2 (Auto- regressive)
Longitudinal designs 3 (Cross-lagged)
Longitudinal designs 4 (interventions)
What is temperament?
Individual differences in reactivity and self- regulation
What are the two factors of temperament?
Tendency to approach/ avoid novel stimuli
Lability/ stability of mood
Temperament is inheritable in infancy and toddlerhood
What is Variation in attachment security is related to?
caregiving environment OR
Endogenous characteristics in the child OR
- Temperament influences the type of insecure attachment infants have with insensitive caregivers
