learning theory Flashcards
classical conditioning
form of associative learning; when events occur closely together in time, they will often be associated with each other
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
unconditioned response (UCR)
an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by ucs
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the ucs
conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to the cs that occurs after the cs-ucs pairings
trial learning
something bad only has to happen once for you to pair the event with the bad outcome
stimulus generalization
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli begin to produce the conditioned response
extinction
the conditioned response is no longer present when presented with the stimuli
spontaneous recovery
process where a conditioned response reoccurs after a long period when no conditioning had been taking place
operant conditioning
A form of associative learning in which the consequence of a behavior changes the probability of that behavior recurring
law of effect
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and those followed by negative outcomes are weakened
________________ always increases the probability of a behavior occurring again
reinforcement
_____________ always decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again
punishment
positive reinforcement
something rewarding is added
negative reinforcement
something unpleasant is removed
positive punishment
something unpleasant is added
negative punishment
something rewarding is removed
____________ tells you what to do, ____________ only tells you what not to do
reinforcement, punishment
continuous reinforcement
reinforce every occurrence of the behavior
Learning & extinction both occur rapidly
partial reinforcement
reinforces only some occurrences of the behavior
Learning occurs slowly, resistance to extinction
what are the schedule types for partial reinforcement?
ratio & interval
ratio reinforcement schedule
reinforced after fixed or variable number of behaviors
interval reinforcement schedule
reinforced after fixed or variable amount of time
a bonus every tenth sale is an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
slot machines are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
paychecks every Friday are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
random drug tests are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?
variable interval
what are the 4 processes required for observational learning to take place?
attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement
attention – observational learning
to reproduce an action you must pay attention to it
retention – observational learning
the action must be coded into memory so it can be retrieved
motor reproduction – observational learning
actually imitating the action
reinforcement – observational learning
is the model’s (person being observed) behavior followed by a consequence
vicarious reinforcement
If the model is reinforced it increased the likelihood the learner will continue the behavior – even if they don’t get the reinforcement
vicarious punishment
If the model is punished it decreases the likelihood the learner will continue the behavior – even if the don’t get the punishment
who developed the psychodynamic learning theory? what does it focus on?
Sigmund Freud’s concept of the unconscious & the internal structures of the ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO
id
always seeking pleasure, any pleasure
ego
always wanting to do the right/ moral thing
superego
the part of the self trying to reconcile and make peace between the id & superego
defense
what we use to manage the tension & discomfort from the unconscious
what are the 4 main mature defenses?
altruism, humor, suppression, sublimation
what are the 2 main immature defenses?
projection and regression
what are the 6 main neurotic defenses?
repression, denial, displacement, intellectualization, somatization, reaction
altruism
constructive service to others that satisfies internal needs (defending against potential discomfort)
humor
expression of ideas/ feelings (that might be unpleasant to focus on or talk about) that gives pleasure to others
suppression
a conscious decision to delay paying attention to an emotion/ need; a voluntary temporary forgetting
sublimation
occurs when you transform your conflicted emotions, unmet desires, or unacceptable impulses into productive outlets
projection
one’s own unacceptable impulses and desires are disowned and attributed to another
regression
return to earlier stage of development or psychological time when faced with significant stressor
repression
results from uncomfortable internal pressure and so one unconsciously puts painful thoughts/ memories/ emotions out of mind & forgets; out of awareness
denial
refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening; one is aware but choosing to set aside
displacement
separate emotion from its real target and redirect to less threatening target
intellectualization
extreme separation of emotion from ideas so as to reduce anxiety
somatization
negative thoughts/ emotions turned inward against self and expressed physically
reaction
goes beyond denial by behaving in the opposite way to which you think or feel
are transference and countertransference considered defenses?
no – special form of projection/ displacement
transference
patients having strong emotional reactions to their providers
countertransference
providers having strong emotional reactions to their patients
