child development Flashcards
attachment behaviors
any behavior that has a predictable outcome of increasing the proximity of the child to an attachment figure
social referencing
involves looking to caregiver to determine how to respond in a new or ambiguous situation
separation anxiety
refers to severe stress that occurs when a child is separated from their caregiver
stranger anxiety
when infants become anxious and fearful in the presence of a stranger (especially when caregiver is not close or does not respond positively to stranger)
what are the 4 patterns of attachment?
secure, insecure/ ambivalent, insecure/ avoidant, disorganized/ disoriented
secure attachment
65%
infant is mildly upset at mother’s absence and actively seeks contact with her upon return; best kind, show better self esteem in adulthood
behavior of mothers of securely attached babies
patient and gentle
insecure/ ambivalent attachment
10-15%
infant becomes very upset at mothers absence but is ambivalent when mother returns and may become angry and resist attempts at physical contact
behavior of mothers of insecurely/ ambivalently attached babies
moody, different reaction to baby each time → baby unsure what to expect
insecure/ avoidant attachment
20%
infant shows very little upset upon mother’s absence and avoids or ignores her when she returns; unhealthy
behavior of mothers of insecurely/ avoidantly attached babies
impatient, unresponsive, excessive stimulation to baby → baby checks out
disorganized/ disoriented attachment
5-10%
infants show fear of their caregivers, confused facial expressions, and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors
behavior of mothers of disorganized/ disoriented babies
many kids mistreated by their caregivers
____________ attachments are associated with later behavior problems
insecure
__________ attachments remain highly stable and are predictive of externalizing behaviors
disorganized/ disoriented
temperament
refers to a person’s basic disposition, which influences how they respond to a certain situation; affected by heredity & can be apparent at birth; predictive of later personality
the easy child
40%
positive moods, regular sleeping & eating patterns, adapts easily to change, positive approach to novelty; more likely to have secure attachments due to positive mood and adaptability
the difficult child
10%
negative moods, unpredictable sleeping & eating habits, resists change, intense emotional reactions; more likely to actively resist comfort from caregiver, which can impact attachment → parents discouraged from establishing a nurturing relationship
the slow-to-warm child
15%
more inactive, lowkey reactions to environmental stimuli, somewhat negative moods, take time to adjust to change & new people; may be less responsive to prenatal behaviors directed towards them which can reduce attachment behaviors and lead away from secure attachments
goodness-of-fit model
degree of match between a parent’s behaviors & child’s temperament that contributes to the outcome (attachment style)
what are the two dimensions considered to determine the 4 different parenting styles?
responsively/ warmth and demandingness/ control
authoritarian parenting
low warmth, high control
Impose absolute standards of conduct, stress obedience, and use coercive techniques to gain compliance
kids of authoritarian parents
often irritable, aggressive, and have a reduced sense of responsibility & low self esteem
authoritative parenting
high warmth, rational control (best parenting style!)
Establishes consistent family rules and sets firm limits
Encourages open discussion and clear communication to explain and clarify rules and, when justified, revise the rules
Use of praise and reasoning to gain compliance
kids of authoritative parents
assertive, self-confident, socially responsible, and achievement oriented
permissive parenting
high warmth and caring, few demands/ low control
Avoids rules entirely; parents are “friends” of their kids
kids of permissive parents
impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence
rejecting-neglecting parenting
low warmth and control
Parents are overly hostile to children
kids of rejecting-neglecting parents
have low self-esteem, are impulsive, moody, and aggressive
High correlation with adolescent juvenile delinquency
which two kinds of parenting are most likely to produce the same kind of child?
permissive and authoritarian
receptive language
language as it is understood
expressive language
language as it is spoken
does receptive or expressive language development come first?
receptive
at what age should a child speak their first word?
1 year
what is the best predicator of childhood vocab?
how many different words are spoken to the child by the parents at a young age
what age should a child be able to use their first 50 words?
10-16 months, all 1-2 syllables and slow to appear
when should a child be able to use communicative phrases?
2-3 years old
when should a child begin to speak in sentences?
3 years old
how many hours of sleep does an infant need?
12-16 hours
how many hours of sleep does a preschooler need?
10-13 hours
parallel play
2.5-3 years, solitary play next to each other with little or no interaction between
associative play
by 3 years, playing with the same toy in pairs but without real interaction
cooperative play
by 4 years, real interaction between kids and turn taking
at what age is it appropriate to introduce children to screen time?
18-24 months of age
