Learning Theory Flashcards
Classical conditioning is a form of ——— Learning
Associative
What are the five elements of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
As it relates to learning, habituation is what?
The decreasing strength of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
As it relates to learning, a stimulus is what?
Something that elicits a response or reaction.
Classical conditioning is also known as
Pavlovian Conditioning
An irrational fear of an object is an example of _______________.
Classical conditioning
ADDING something pleasant is _______________ reinforcement.
positive
ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.
positive
REMOVING something pleasant is _______________ punishment.
negative
ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.
positive
A Skinner Box was used to demonstrate ______________ conditioning
operant
Clicker training dogs is an example of _________________.
operant conditioning
As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that the leaf is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, the leaf is a/an:
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
In advertising, celebrities can be used as ____________ to lead to favourable brand attitudes.
UCS Uncondition Stimulus
___________ is when a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and a not to similar stimulus.
Discrimination
______________ results in the gradual weakening & disappearance of a response
Extinction
____________ occurs if the organism still makes responses after reinforcement has stopped
Resistance to extinction
n classical conditioning, a ___________ stimulus becomes a _____________ stimulus after conditioning has occurred.
neutral, conditioned
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
a) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
What is the term used to describe the process of increasing the frequency of a behaviour by adding something desirable?
a) reinforcement
b) punishment
c) extinction
d) shaping
reinforcement
“Initial stage of learning something” (Weiten, 2007, p.220).
Process that requires usually several pairings of the CS and UCS to develop a CR. This is know as the ——- period
Acquisition
the famous Watson and Rayner (1920) experiment using principles of Classical Conditioning with a baby known as ‘little Albert’. The researchers paired a rat - Conditioned Stimulus (CS), with a loud noise - Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), which resulted in startle and fear in little Albert. This conditioned emotional response (fear) also occurred when Albert was presented with any other small furry objects, which demonstrates the process of ————
Generalisation
The “reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure” is called
Spontaneous recovery
If conditioned responses have reappeared after Extinction its called
Spontaneous recovery
similar stimuli eliciting a CR is called
Generalisation (ie Tones of different frequencies may still elicit a CR, or different bells might elicit salivation )
That is, the subject learns to respond to one stimulus and not to a similar stimulus
Discrimination (This is the opposite of generalisation.)
Impala (African antelopes) can learn to discriminate between African wild dogs (predators) that have just eaten (& won’t attack) and hunting/hungry African wild dogs (very dangerous). Hungry wild dogs elicit fear responses, but those that have eaten do not (Mazur, 1994, p.72).
this is an example of ——- in the real world
Discrimination
classically conditioning relys on ——- responses
involuntary (reflex)
What is the difference between operant and clasical conditioning
In Operant Conditioning, the operant behaviour is emitted by the animal or person, which is different to Classical Conditioning where the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned behaviour.
What is the (operant conditioning paradigm is represented by a) 3-term contingency
where the operant response is emitted
and reinforced in the presence of the discriminative stimulus (Mazur, 1994).
SD (Discriminative stimulus)
R operant response
→ SR (Reinforcing Stimulus)
The consequences of behaviour - that come to affect subsequent frequency of behaviour (whether frequency of behaviour will increase or decrease)
REINFORCEMENT / PUNISHMENT (SR)
stimulus that precedes a response can also influence operant behaviour by acting as a ‘signal’ (behaviour likely to be reinforced)
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS (SD)
According to Skinner the —— ——— is “a behavior that operates on its environment
OPERANT RESPONSE (R)
Resistance to Extinction
Delayed Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
reinforcement schedule reinforces every response that occurs
continuous reinforcement
if reinforcement is not continuous, then the schedule of reinforcement is ——–
intermittent
What reinforcement schedule :
reinforcer given after number of non-reinforced responses fixed
FIXED-RATIO (FR30):
What reinforcement schedule :
reinforcer given after variable number of non-reinforced responses after a fixed period of time
VARIABLE-RATIO (VR30):
What reinforcement schedule :
reinforces first response has elapsed
FIXED-INTERVAL (FI 1min):
What reinforcement schedule :
reinforces first response after a variable period of time has elapsed
VARIABLE-INTERVAL (VI 1min):
behaviour that is positively reinforced is likely to
be repeated
behaviour that is ignored is likely to ‘die out’ or be
extinguished
Shaping is:
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS to get a new behaviour to occur
What is a caution for applying shaping as a technique
Unfortunately, harmful or ‘undesirable’ behaviours can also be shaped!
THREE MAIN STAGES OF SHAPING:
- Specify target or goal ‘desired’ behaviour
- Identify response to use as a starting point
- Reinforce starting response, then require successively closer approximations, until desired response eventually occurs
Social Learning Theory is attributed to which researcher
Albert Bandura
Name the three learning theories covered in this subject
Classic Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Social Learning Theory
Vicarious reinforcement occurs through modelling of a response. There are four necessary components to successful modelling:
ATTENTION
RETENTION
MOTOR REPRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
In Social learning the first required component is ……… to the modelled response
ATTENTION
In Social learning the 2ndrequired component is ……. in the memory of the elements of the modelled response
RETENTION
In Social learning the 3rd required component is ——– ———- or the ability to carry out the modelled response
MOTOR REPRODUCTION
In Social learning the 3rd required component is ——— or incentive to display the modelled response
MOTIVATION
——— learning occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models”
Observational (Weiten, 2007)
Albert Bandura proposed social learning theory. According to this theory, learning could also occur through the process of —– reinforcement.
vicarious
Bandura’s social learning theory clearly requires cognitive processes to occur. Not all learned responses are performed. ———- plays an important role in which responses are performed.
Reinforcement
