Learning Theories (Behaviorism) Flashcards
set of conjectures and hypotheses that explain the process of learning or how learning takes place.
Learning Theories
There are three basic approaches while dealing with learning theories according to Akdeniz et.al. What are these?
Behaviorism (Behaviorist)
Cognitivist (Cognitivism)
Constructivism
depicts observable and measurable aspects of human behavior
Behaviorism / Associative Learning Theory Approach
According to this theory, all behaviors are directed as stimulus. Changes in behavior are evident and will result in stimulus-response association.
Behaviorism
This believes that behaviors can be measured, changed, and trained.
Behaviorism
This suggest that learners must be actively engaged and rewarded immediately for their involvement in the activity to achieve learning.
Behaviorism
Learning must be active and outright praise must be given to increase behavior.
Behaviorism
Who is the Father of Behaviorism and believed that behavior is prompted by a specific stimuli.
John B. Watson
He believed that behavior is controlled through positive and negative consequences.
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Watson’s view of learning was influence by whom?
Pavlov
According to him, behavior is acquired through conditioning.
Pavlov
It is an established manner that occurs through interaction with the environment.
Conditioning
What are the two major types of conditioning?
Operant and Classical Conditioning
Beliefs of Behaviorist Approach
- It operates on the principle of “Stimulus-response”
- Behavior is observable and measurable
- It prefers actual behavior as an indicator of learning.
Who is the proponent of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
This type of conditioning asserts that an individual learns when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus evokes conditioned response.
Classical Conditioning
What are the features of classical conditioning?
Neutral Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response
It produces emotional or physiological response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
It is the natural occurring emotional response.
Unconditioned Response
Produces emotional or physiological response after being conditioned.
Conditioned Stimulus
Learned response from a previously neutral condition.
Conditioned Response
It does not elicit any response.
Neutral Stimulus
What are the principles of Classical Conditioning?
Acquisition, Stimulus-Generalization, Stimulus-Discrimination, Extinction
It is the process by which conditioned response is acquired from the experience of another person.
Acquisition
A child learns to fear the dentist’s clinic by associating it with a painful tooth extraction that he or she has experienced. What is this?
Acquisition
It is the process by which a conditioned response is transferred to other stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus-generalization
A child tends to be anxious in all instances in school because of the first-hand experience he or she has experienced with a terror teacher.
Stimulus-generalization
A process by which a conditioned response is transferred to other stimuli different from the original conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus-discrimination
A child should be able to distinguish things that seem alike but are different (b from d, p from b or plus (+) sign from negative (-) sign). Otherwise, learning disabilities will occur. What is this?
Stimulus-discrimination
A process by which conditioned response is lost.
Extinction
The anxiousness of a child toward a terror teacher gradually vanishes if, in the succeeding days, he or she experiences pleasant treatment from the teacher. Otherwise, phobias will occur. What is this?
Extinction
His theory only focuses on changes in behavior excluding any likelihood of any processes taking place on the mind.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Based upon the notion that learning is a result of change in overt behavior.
Operant Conditioning.
Changes in behavior are the results of an individual’s response to events that occur in the environment.
Operant Conditioning
A _____ produces a consequences such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a Math problem.
response
The key element in Skinner’s S-R theory
Reinforcement
Anything that strengthens a desired response.
Reinforcer
This type of conditioning stresses out the use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior.
Operant Conditioning
_____ is the stimulus while ______ is the effect of the stimulus.
Reinforcer-Reinforcement
What are the types of reinforcer?
Primary, Secondary, Positive, and Negative Reinforcer
A stimulus that is related to both biological and physiological needs.
Primary Reinforcer
A stimulus that reinforces a behavior that is previously associated with the primary reinforcer.
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus is added to an event or situation to strengthen a behavior.
Positive reinforcer
A stimulus is withdrawn to an event or situation to strengthen a behavior.
Negative reinforcer
What are the schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, & variable interval
This reinforcement is dispensed ff. the constant number of behavior.
Fixed ratio
This reinforcement is dispensed ff. the constant amount of time.
Fixed interval
This reinforcement is dispense ff. a varying amount of trials.
Variable ratio
This reinforcement is dispensed ff. a varying amount of time.
Variable interval
What are the types of reinforcement?
Verbal, physical, non-verbal, activity, consumable, token
What are the principles of learning in operant conditioning?
Principles of contracts, reinforcement, consequences, extinction, and pre-mack principles or grandma rule
Relevant behavior is identified then the teacher and the students will decide on the terms of the contract.
Principles of Contracts
Consequences happen after the target behavior occured.
Principles of Consequences
Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior that removes or prevents an adverse condition.
Principles of Reinforcement
Punishment involves presenting a strong stimulus that decrease the frequency of a behavior.
Principles of Extinction
It is effective in eliminating undesirable behavior.
Punishment
Less derived activities can be increased by looking at them to do more desired activities.
Premack principle or grandma rule
Who is the proponent of connectionism?
Edward Lee Thorndike
Learning is a result of associations forming between stimulus and response.
Connectionism
Learning can be adequately explained without considering any unobservable internal states.
Connectionism
Explains the probability that a behavior will happen again when followed by a positive experience.
Connectionism instrumental conditioning
What are the principles of learning in connectionism?
Multiple responses, law of set and attitude, law of readiness, law of exercise, law of effect, and halo effect.
Refers to the variety of responses
Multiple responses
explains that instruction affects a given task
Law of set and attitude
explains that interfering oral directed behavior is frustrating
Law of readiness
learning by doing
law of exercise
connections between stimulus and response is reinforced if they are used
law of use
reward reinforces a behavior and punishment decreases its occurrence
law of effect
this law describes the physical attractiveness stereotype and what is beautiful is good principles
halo effect
