Learning Theories and Principles

Question 1

The competencies for lifelong learning described above consist of 3 interrelated groups of skills

Answer 1

technical, interpersonal, and methodological skills

Question 2

Skills which include literacy, language skills, and math and science skills.

Answer 2

technical skills

Question 3

Skills which inlude the higher order thinking skills, technology skills, self directed learning skills

Answer 3

methodological skills

Question 4

Proponents of lifelong learning have pointed out that _______ do not develop the kinds of competencies needed for learning throughout life in a highly volatile and globalized world.

Answer 4

traditional education systems

Question 5

5 ideas about how people learn underpin the paradigm of lifelong learning

Answer 5

1. Learning is an active process
2. Learning involves constructing knowledge
3. Learning is a social process.
4. Learning is contextual and situated.
5. Learning is a process of increasing participation in communities of practice.

Question 6

four strands of empirical research into adult learning that, taken together, hold the promise of establishing just what it is that is distinctive about the adult dimension to lifelong learning.

Answer 6

1. the capacity to think dialectically,
2. the capacity to employ practical logic,
3. the capacity to know how we know what we know, and
4. the capacity for critical reflection.

Question 7

a form of adult reasoning in which universalistic and relativistic modes of thought co-exist. It explores the contradictions involved in fusing universal moral standards with the pragmatic constraints and situational imperatives of relationships, work, and community involvement

Answer 7

dialectical thinking

Question 8

a form of adult reasoning within a well-defined situation in a way that pays attention to its internal features. It focuses more on adults’ capacity to think contextually in a deep and critical way (e.g. a deep understanding of the context of the situation).

Answer 8

Practical Logic

Question 9

the capacity which adults possess of becoming self-consciously aware of their learning styles and being able to adjust these according to the situation

Answer 9

To Know How We Know What We Know

Question 10

the capacity of assessing the accuracy and validity of these norms for the contexts of adult life. It entails judging the ‘fit’ between the rules of life transmitted, assimilated, and evolved in childhood, and the realities of adulthood

Answer 10

Critical Reflection

Question 11

Five significant themes are highlighted in adult learners’ generalized descriptions of how they experience learning

Answer 11

1. feelings of impostorship,
2. acknowledgments of a disturbing loss of innocence,
3. accountings of the cost of committing cultural suicide,
4. descriptions of incrementally fluctuating rhythms of road running, and
5. recognition of the significance that membership in an emotionally sustaining learning community has for those in critical process.

Question 12

the sense adults report that at some deeply embedded level they possess neither the talent nor the right to become learners.

Answer 12

Impostorship

Question 13

the threat adults perceive that if they take a critical questioning of conventional assumptions, justifications, structures and actions too far they will risk being excluded from the cultures that have defined and sustained them up to that point in their lives

Answer 13

Cultural suicide

Question 14

In speaking of critical reflection as a learning process, adults often describe a rhythm of learning that might be called _______

Answer 14

incremental fluctuation

Question 15

belief in the promise that if they study hard and look long enough they will stumble on universal certainty as the reward for all their efforts

Answer 15

Innocence

Question 16

a more hopeful experiential theme which emerges from adults’ experiences as critical learners

Answer 16

Community