Learning Theories Flashcards
What encompasses cognitive learning theory
Information processing, gestalt, cognitive development, social cognition
How to store things into STM
Rote memorization/rehearsal maintenance
What is elaborative rehearsal
(3) methods
- storing into LTM … Works to organize information
- associating with known information
- chunking
- forming mental picture
Gestalt theory
- emphasis the importance of what
- three principals
- perception in learning
1) ppl like simplicity
2) perception is selective - may focus on one stimuli ie. Pt. in pain, can’t pay attention to learning
3) pt choose what they want to ignore, based on their needs
What is schemata and does it belong to short term or long term
- units of knowledge that organizes information and relationships among them
- not always accurate ie. Horse/dog
- long-term
What is the social/cognitive learning theory
- says learning occurs by observation
Reciprocal determinism
- personal characteristics, behaviour patterns and environment affects learning
Vicarious reinforcement
Observing someone’s emotions after a behaviour
Phases of social learning theory
Attentional phase- observation
Retention- storage and retrieval
Reproduction - copies what was learned
Motivational
Constructs of social learning theory
Expected outcomes - if behaviour results in positive outcomes
Expectancies - value of outcomes
Self-efficacy - confidence in performing behaviour
Self-control - personal regulation of goal-directed behaviour
Definition of reinforcement and 3 examples
Response to a behaviour that can increase or decrease reoccurrence
- direct external, self reinforcement, vicarious reinforce the
Emotional coping responses (3)
- problem solving
- stress management
- practicing skills in emotional arousing situations
What are behavioural learning theories
- says learning occurs when there’s a connection between a stimulus and a response
What is a stimulus
- an event that’s followed by a response
Stimulus = relaxation techniques
Response = no pain
How to strengthen behaviour the fastest
How to strengthen the persistence of behaviour
Immediate and consistent
Intermittent
What is responded conditioning/classical
Provide example
- what’s going on in the environment
- NS (hospital) + UCS (smell) = UCR (feel sick)
After a while, hospital becomes CS that results in a CR
What is systemic desensitization and example
Says fear of a stimulus can be learned and unlearned
Relaxation techniques and introducing stimulus slowly
operant conditioning
Based on reinforcement (rewards)
Reinforcement belongs to which theory
Social cognitive learning theory
Psychodynamic theory
- emotion and responses over responses
- behaviour may be conscious or unconscious … Ppl may not be aware of their motivation
Explain ID
Super ego
Ego
ID - primitive, seeks pleasure and avoids pain
Super - concerned with society standards
Ego - looks to please ID in realistic ways
Defence mechanism’s
Review text pg. 60
Erikson’s stages of life responds to which major theory
- list stages
1 - trust vs mistrust (infancy) 2 - autonomy vs doubt 3 - initiation vs guilt 4 - industry vs inferiority 5 - identity vs role confusion (adolescence) 6 - intimacy, isolation (young adult) 7 - generatively, stagnation (adult) 8 -integrity, guilt (older)
Humanistic theory focuses on
Motivation stems from
Emotions and motivation
- stems from desire to grow, make own choices and maximizes capabilities
What two theorists belong to humanistic theory
Maslow’s
Carl Rogers
What are maslow’s needs
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization
Carl Rogers says that every patient wants..
Goal of his theory
Positive self regard (feeling loved with no strings attached)
To improve self-esteem
What is crystallized intelligence
From past experiences and prior knowledge
Fluid intelligence
- ability of abstract thinking, solving problems
- declines when older
- reaction and processing time is slow
Motor learning involves the ___ of a skill, not just the ___
What are the three variables and definitions
Retention, not just attainment
- pre practice - modelling of task
- practice - massed, distributive, varied, mental imagery
- feedback - can be intrinsic or extrinsic
Continuous vs intermittent feedback
What does it allow?
- good for early learning, but may slow down learning
- helps with retention and LTM
What are the three stages of motor learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Domains of learning - cognitive
What are the diff types n definition
Guided response - earliest stage
Mechanism - intermediate, can perform skill with confidence ie. Can’t fix a computer but can use word
Complex overt response - most complex
Adaptation - modifying learned skill to fit new situations ie. Eating healthy at home
Origination - creating new movement patterns to fit new situations
Assessment of learner involves (3)
patient needs, learning readiness, learning styles
Categories of learning readiness, examples
Physical
Emotional - anxiety, support system
Experiential - cultural background, locus of control, past coping mechanisms
Knowledge
VARK model
Visual
Aural
Reading/writing
Kinesthetics - hands on
Jung and Myers-Brigg’s personality types
1) introversion-extroversion
2) sensing-intuition
3) thinking-feeling
4) judging-perceiving
2) sensing-intuition
- believe what they see, factual
- view world through possibilities, look at meaning
Thinking-feeling
- decisions based on logic
- decisions based on the impact it has on others and themselves
Judging-perceiving
- desire to regulate and bring closure to situations
- desire to be open minded and understanding
Kolb’s experiential learning model
Two dimensions –> what are the four learning modes
Says learning results from the way learners perceive and process information
Concrete experience
Perception or processing?
- learn from feeling and interacting with people
Perception
Abstract conceptualization
Perception or processing?
Rely on logic to solve problems
Perception
Reflection observation
Perception or processing?
Observation
Active experimentation
Perception or processing?
Experiment to get things done
Cognitive development 0-2
Info
Piaget’s stage of development
Teaching strategies
Sensorimotor stage - learn through senses, motor activities promote understanding of the world
- immobility increases anxiety
- incorporate activities that involve motor abilities
Cognitive development 2-5 years
Info
Piaget’s stage of development
Teaching strategies
- learn through interacting and role modelling
- minimal use of memory strategies
- autobiographical memory
- scripts for familiar events
Piaget’s pre-operational stage - thinking is literal
- very imaginative, fear is in their minds
- be careful of word choice
Cognitive development 6-10 years middle to late childhood
Info
Piaget’s stage of development
Teaching strategies
- memory strategies –> rehearsal and semantic organization
- cognitive inhibition strengthened (ability to tune out stimuli)
- causal thinking.. Understands illness is r/t to cause and effect
Concrete operations - logical thought, ability to reason inductively and deductively
- logical thinking, but still not able to think abstractly, thus step by step instruction needed
Cognitive development 11-adulthood
Info
Piaget’s stage of development
Teaching strategies
- elaborative memory strategy
- personal fable
Piaget’s formal operations
- can think abstract -> can hypothesize what’s going to happen next, problem solving
