LEARNING THEORIES Flashcards
a coherent framework and set of integrated concepts and principles that describe, explain or predict how people learn, how learning occurs, and what motivates people to learn and change
Learning theories
Learning theories useful to health education
-behavioral learning theory
-cognitive psychology
-social learning theory
Learning is the result of connections made between STIMULUS (S) conditions in the environment and the individual’s REESPONSES (R)
Yes true
Famous RUSSIAN physiologist
Ivan pavlov
A kind of learning in which in previously neutral stimulus comes to illicit a response through its association with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response.
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning involves the interplay between three elements:
-Condition stimulus
-unconditioned stimulus
-condition response
What are the four components of condition
-The unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
-The unconditioned response (UCR)
-The condition stimulus (CS)
-The condition response (CR)
Is the one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response
The unconditioned stimulus
Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned response
The unconditioned response
The previously neutral stimulus that active becoming associate with the unconditioned stimulus eventually comes to trigger condition response
The condition stimulus
Is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
The conditioned response
It is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologist to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients
Systematic desensitization
It is the tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli
Stimulus generalization
It is useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in relapse prevention program
Stimulus recovery
He invented the skinner box associated with operant conditioning
Bf skinner
Behavior is followed by a consequence and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future
Operant conditioning
Any sequence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurrence
Positive reinforcement
A negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it
Punishment/negative reinforcement
What are the ways of employing positive reinforcement
-Verbal ways
-Nonverbal ways
-Citing in class or publishing on the bulletin board exceptional works or outputs
Classification of educational reinforces
-Recognition
-Tangible rewards
-Learning activities
-School responsibilities
-Status indicators and incentive feedback
-Personal activities
Learning is viewed as an active process that occurs within the learner and which can influence by the learner
Cognitive learning theory
This theory focuses on the inner mental activities opening of the black box of human mind is vital in understanding how people learn
Cognitive learning theory
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
-A comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence
-it is primarily known as a developmental stage theory but in fact it deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire construct and use it
Is the first of the four stages in cognitive development which extends from birth to the acquisition of language
Sensori motor stage
Covers from about 2 to 7 years old, roughly corresponding to the preschool years
Pre-operational stage
During the stage the child learns to use and to represent objects by images words and drawings
The child is able to form stable concepts as well as mental listening and magical beliefs
Pre-operational stage
This is the ability to represent objects and events a symbol is the thing that represent something else
Symbolic function
This is the ability of a child to only see his point of view and to assume that everyone also has his same point of view
Egocentrism
This refers to the tendency of the child to only focus on the one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects
Centration
The pre-operational children still has the inability to reverse their thinking
Reversibility
This is the tendency of the children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects
Animism
This refers to the pre-operational child’s type of reasoning that is neither inductive or deductive reasoning appears to before from particular to a particular
Transductive reasoning
This stage which follows the pre-operational stage occurs between the ages of seven and 11 years and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic
Concrete operational stage
Where the child takes into account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it
Decentering
The child understands that numbers are objects can be changed then returned to their original state
Reversibility
Understanding that quantity lens or number of items is unrelatable to the arrangement or appearance of the object or items
Conservation
The ability to sort of objects in an order according to size shape or any other characteristic
Seration
Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts
Formal operational stage
This is the ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weight data in order to make a final decision or judgment
Hypothetical reasoning
This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instant and then use the relationship to narrow down possible answer in another similar situation or problem
Analogical reasoning
This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation
Deductive reasoning
Refers to a theory describing the different ways students learn and acquire information. This multiples intelligence range from the use of words number pictures and music to the importance of social interaction introspection physical movement and being in tuned with nature
Multiple intelligences
The first step in boundaries model is a necessary condition for any learning to occur
The attentional phase
The second step involves the storage and retrieval of what was observed
Retention phase
Third is during which the learner copies the observed behavior mental rehearsal immediate enactment and corrective feedback strengthen the reproduction of behavior
The reproduction phase
The fourth step is in which focuses on whether the learner is motivated to perform
The motivational phase
The art and science of helping children to learn
Pedagogy
Is the art and science of helping adult learn
Andragogy
