Learning Psychology Flashcards
What is the classical conditioning formula?
UCS -> UCR
UCS + NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
In CC, what is extinction?
When a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus stops occurring.
In CC, what is spontaneous recovery?
When a lost conditioned response suddenly comes back.
In CC, what is generalisation?
When similar stimuli produce the same conditioned response.
In CC, what is discrimination?
When similar stimuli do not produce the same conditioned response.
How does Pavlov support CC?
The dogs associated the bell with food, and began salivating at the sound of the bell.
How does Little Albert support CC?
Albert associated the bang with the white rabbit. He was then scared of the white rabbit and also generalised this fear.
What is a scientific strength of CC?
It is empirical as it measures real behaviour.
How is CC reductionist?
It ignores biological explanations for fear, such as evolutionary.
How is CC deterministic?
Suggests people are just operating through the formula.
What is the issue with supporting research on CC?
Research on animals is not generalisable to humans.
In OC, what is positive reinforcement?
Giving something good to continue a behaviour.
In OC, what is positive punishment?
Given something bad to stop the behaviour.
In OC, what is negative reinforcement?
Taking away something bad to continue the behaviour.
In OC, what is negative punishment?
Taking away something good to stop the behaviour.
What is a primary reinforcer?
The satisfaction of a basic survival need.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
Fulfilling because they are used to satisfy primary reinforcers.
In OC, what is continuous reinforcement?
When the behaviour is reinforced each time it occurs.
In OC, what is partial reinforcement?
When a behaviour is only reinforced after so many times the behaviour occurs.
In OC, what is a fixed interval?
When a behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time.
In OC, what is a variable interval?
When a behaviour is rewarded, and then rewarded after different amount of times afterwards.
In OC, what is a fixed ratio?
When a behaviour is rewarded after a specified amount of responses.
In OC, what is a variable ratio?
When the behaviour is rewarded after a different amount of responses each time.
How is OC useful?
Shows how to change behaviours, such as using a token economy in school or prisons.
