Learning Outcomes (12-13-14) Flashcards
overall equation for respiration
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP
cellular respiration is where
glucose breaks down to release atp, co2 and water
where does glycolysis occur and what are the reactants and products
in the cytoplasm,
glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ —> 4ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
occurs in cytoplasm,
Glucose-6-phosphate + 2 NADP⁺ —>
Ribose-5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + CO₂ + G3P
pyruvate oxidation
forms no atp
2 pyruvate + 2 nad+ —> 2 acteyl co-a + 2nadh +2 co2
citric acid cycle
in mitochondria
2 acetyl co a —> 4 CO₂, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
in mitochondria
10 NADH, 2 FADH₂, O₂ —-> 28 ATP H20
NAD⁺/NADH are the
carriers in glycolysis and the TCA cycle for electron transport.
NADP⁺/NADPH
are made in the oxidative pentose phophate pathway, they’re involved in biosynthetic pathways and antioxidative defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress generated during respiration.
NADP+ is the electron acceptor
major steps of sucrose to glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis
sucrose —> fructose + glucose
glcuose to G6P
fructose to F6P
G6P TO fructose 1,6 biphosphate
fructose 1,6 biphosphate to G3P and DHAP
yields 2 NADP, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
major steps of glucose 6-phosphate
to G3P in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
G6P oxidation, hydrolysis, Oxidative Decarboxylation, isomerization, sugar rearrangement to form 1 CO2, 1 G3P, ribose 5 phosphate, 2 nadph
citric acid cycle products and reactants
Pyruvate enters mitochondria, is converted to acetyl-CoA, and cycles through the TCA cycle.
products: 3 NADH
1 FADH₂
1 GTP (or ATP)
2 CO₂
oxidative phosphorylation
starts with NADH feeding electrons down complexes 1 through 5, then a proton gradient is formed where theres’ more protons in the intermembrane space than outside, these protons go donw atp synthase in order to make atp via proton motive force
From NADH: ~2.5 ATP per molecule.
From FADH₂: ~1.5 ATP per molecule.
Total ATP: ~28 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule.
mitochondria anatomy
Outer Membrane:
Inner Membrane:
Matrix:
Permeable to small molecules
Houses the electron transport chain.
Site of the citric acid cycle.
Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide, Cyanide, and Nitric Oxide
inhibit the electron transport chain by binding to cytochrome c oxidase, blocking ATP production.
