Learning Outcomes (12-13-14) Flashcards
overall equation for respiration
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP
cellular respiration is where
glucose breaks down to release atp, co2 and water
where does glycolysis occur and what are the reactants and products
in the cytoplasm,
glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ —> 4ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
occurs in cytoplasm,
Glucose-6-phosphate + 2 NADP⁺ —>
Ribose-5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + CO₂ + G3P
pyruvate oxidation
forms no atp
2 pyruvate + 2 nad+ —> 2 acteyl co-a + 2nadh +2 co2
citric acid cycle
in mitochondria
2 acetyl co a —> 4 CO₂, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
in mitochondria
10 NADH, 2 FADH₂, O₂ —-> 28 ATP H20
NAD⁺/NADH are the
carriers in glycolysis and the TCA cycle for electron transport.
NADP⁺/NADPH
are made in the oxidative pentose phophate pathway, they’re involved in biosynthetic pathways and antioxidative defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress generated during respiration.
NADP+ is the electron acceptor
major steps of sucrose to glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis
sucrose —> fructose + glucose
glcuose to G6P
fructose to F6P
G6P TO fructose 1,6 biphosphate
fructose 1,6 biphosphate to G3P and DHAP
yields 2 NADP, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
major steps of glucose 6-phosphate
to G3P in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
G6P oxidation, hydrolysis, Oxidative Decarboxylation, isomerization, sugar rearrangement to form 1 CO2, 1 G3P, ribose 5 phosphate, 2 nadph
citric acid cycle products and reactants
Pyruvate enters mitochondria, is converted to acetyl-CoA, and cycles through the TCA cycle.
products: 3 NADH
1 FADH₂
1 GTP (or ATP)
2 CO₂
oxidative phosphorylation
starts with NADH feeding electrons down complexes 1 through 5, then a proton gradient is formed where theres’ more protons in the intermembrane space than outside, these protons go donw atp synthase in order to make atp via proton motive force
From NADH: ~2.5 ATP per molecule.
From FADH₂: ~1.5 ATP per molecule.
Total ATP: ~28 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule.
mitochondria anatomy
Outer Membrane:
Inner Membrane:
Matrix:
Permeable to small molecules
Houses the electron transport chain.
Site of the citric acid cycle.
Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide, Cyanide, and Nitric Oxide
inhibit the electron transport chain by binding to cytochrome c oxidase, blocking ATP production.
Structure of Triacylglycerols and Polar Glycolipids
Triacylglycerols
Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids.
Polar Glycolipids
Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and a sugar moiety, essential for membrane structure.
Fat as Energy Storage
Superiority Over Starch
why?
Higher energy content per gram.
More reduced form, providing more ATP upon oxidation.
Unsaturated vs. Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated
Lower melting point due to kinks in their structure, which prevent tight packing.
saturated
higher melting point, tightly packed.
Oil Bodies in Plant Cells
Composition and function
Triacylglycerols surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and proteins.
Store energy-rich fats for later use
Glycerolipids vs. Glycerophospholipids
Glycerolipids: Include triacylglycerols.
Glycerophospholipids: Contain a phosphate group, forming a major component of cellular membranes.
basic processes of Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism
2 basic processes
Beta-oxidation: Breakdown of fatty acids in the mitochondria and peroxisomes.
Lipid Synthesis: Occurs in the plastids and endoplasmic reticulum.
where do the basic processes of fatty acid and lipid metabolism occur
Fatty Acid Synthesis: Plastids.
Beta-oxidation: Mitochondria and peroxisomes.
