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movement science 1 > learning objectives EXAM 1 > Flashcards

learning objectives EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biomechanics

A

study of forces acting on human body/body segments and the consequences of those forces related to posture and motion

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2
Q

kinematics

A

description of motion as a function of space and time, without regard to forces creating the movement

(no cause, just motion)

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3
Q

kinetics

A

the description of motion of a system in terms of forces acting on the system

(muscle activity)

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4
Q

linear motion

A

curvilinear and rectilinear

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5
Q

force

A

mechanical interaction between a system and its surroundings; a push or pull of one object or another

the base of kinetics

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6
Q

moment

A

the turning effect of a force, known as moment of force or torque

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7
Q

skeletal muscle cross-sectional area

A

anatomical, physiological

proportion to the muscle force that can be produced

PCS>ACS

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8
Q

absolute reference frame

A

based on the environment that movement occurs in

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9
Q

relative reference frame

A

moves with body segment

shows joint angle/ROM

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10
Q

velocity

A

change in position/change in time (s/t)

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11
Q

position/time, velocity/time, acceleration/time graphs

A

sign of velocity will be in direction of the change in position (if position slope is positive, then velocity value is negative)

peak/valley in position = 0 velocity

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12
Q

relationship between linear and angular motion of body segments

A

angular motion, theta = s/r

s=r(theta)

angular movements of a segment at the joint lead to linear movement of parts of segments

angular motion of the hip and knee lead to linear motion of the foot

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13
Q

kinematic graphs

A

area under a curve is the distance traveled

a change in position slope = 0 V

change in velocity slope = 0 acceleration

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14
Q

vector composition and resolution

A

make parallelogram for vector composition if vectors are coplanar but not collinear (if collinear, just add together)

resolution: split into X and Y components
- X to parallel to bony segment
- Y is perpendicular to bony segment

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15
Q

center of mass

A

COM is generally just anterior to S2

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16
Q

diarthroses (synovial joints)

A

“freely movable”

low-friction/frictionless

similarities in structure for all subtypes

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17
Q

difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

A

osteokinematics: bone motion, physiologic motion (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
arthrokinematics: joint surface motion, accessory motion (roll, glide, spine) - necessary for physiologic motion

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18
Q

arthokinematic motions

A
  • roll: series of points on one surface contacts a series of points on another
  • glide/slide: a single point on one surface contacts a series of points on another
  • spin: a single point on one surface rotates about a point on the other
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19
Q

convex on concave

A
  • like femur on tibia
  • roll and slide
  • convex moves on stationary concave
  • maximizes rotation and minimizes translation
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20
Q

concave on convex

A
  • glide and roll
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21
Q

influence of articular structures on joint motion, beyond surface shape

A

ligaments, joint capsule, muscle-tendon units also influence

  • frozen shoulder
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22
Q

stress-strain relationship for connective tissues

A
  • stress: normalized force applied to deform a structure (tension, compression, shear)
    • stress = force/area
  • strain: quantification of object’s deformation (due to stress)
    • no unit
    • deformation - change in shape
    • linear strain - change in length (from axial stress), tension or compression
  • the more force is applied, the greater the deformation
    • more strain = more stress
  • change in stress/change in strain = stiffness
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23
Q

hysteresis

A

how water content affects stress-strain

loss of energy

when stress is removed, the tissue returns to normal but along a different path

less energy recovered

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24
Q

stress relaxation

A

also due to water content

with constant strain over time, stress decreases (stretching)

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25
Q

creep

A

also due to water content

increasing deformation under constant load

tendency of a material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses

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26
Q

active muscle force generation

A

actin filaments overlapping

active force is greatest at intermediate length of muscle

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27
Q

passive muscle force generation

A
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28
Q

ability of whole muscle (active and passive components) to produce force, based on muscle length

A

total force = active force + passive tension

greatest total force of a maximally active muscle is at longest physiologic length of the muscle

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29
Q

describe active length-tension principles for 2-joint muscles

A

2-joint muscles can length and shorten across both

  • hamstring
    • knee ROM - 135
    • hip ROM - 145
    • total HS ROM is 280
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30
Q

manipulat posture and motion to create mechanical strength advantage during movement

A
  • active can produce greatest force at an intermediate length
    • intermediate length is approximately the resting length
  • changing length can change muscle force
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31
Q

viscosity and influence on muscle force production

A
  • viscosity: resistance of a fluid to flow
    • rate dependent resistance - higher resistance with higher rate
  • muscles do not behave ideally as elastic because of viscosity due to water content
  • increases resistance to motion and lowers energy return of lengthening an elastic structure
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32
Q

determine muscle force capacity based on shortening/lengthening velocity

A
  • lengthening velocity: eccentric
    • faster lengthening increases resistance due to fluid
    • more force due to crossbridge lengths and faster reattachments in lengthening rather than shortening
  • shortening velocity: concentric
    • limitation of time for crossbridges to form, detach, and reform limits force
  • no velocity: isometric
33
Q

how muscle line of pull, attachment sites, and joint axis of rotation determines muscle moment arm

A
  • muscle moment production depends on
    • cross-sectional area
    • length (length-tension)
    • velocity (force-velocity)
    • muscle moment arm
      • length of MMA directly proportional to the muscle moment created
  • moment = force x moment arm
34
Q

describe EMG signal and what it represents

A
  • EMG - electromyographical
  • represents sarcolemmal potential changes (APs)
  • net change from all motor unit AP trains (MUAPT) in recording area
    • interference signal is EMG result - individual motor units not distinguishable
35
Q

4 ways in which EMG signal data are used clinically

A
  • temporal muscle activity
  • relative exertion level
  • muscle fatigue
  • biofeedback
36
Q

type of muscle activity at whole muscle level

A
37
Q

primary active muscles

A
  • primary active muscle: muscle that acts directly to produce or control a desired movement at a given joint(s)
38
Q

how to determine likely primary active muscle using muscle cross-sectional area, line of pull, length, and moment arm

A
  • choose a functional task or exercise
  • choose a joint moving during the task
  • choose a specific phase of the task or exercise in which the joint is moving in one direction
  • identify the primary active at the given joint, in the given phase
39
Q

muscle synergist

A

a muscle working cooperatively to assist the performance of another muscle

  • helping: muscle that acts loosely or peripherally to assist in producing or controlling the desired motion of a joint
  • stabilizing: muscle that acts locally or peripherally to oppose undesired motion in plans other than the primary plan of motion or stabilize segments adjacent to the moving joint
40
Q

muscle response to external moments

A

muscle respond in order to counter external demand moments

41
Q

internal forces that can counter a given muscle moment

A

if internal forces = external forces, then the arm doesn’t move

42
Q

net muscle moment (joint moment)

A

sum of all internal moments (force x moment arm) acting about a given axis for a given joint

accounts for muscle, tendon, ligament, joint capsule, and all other internal forces with lines of action that do not go through axis of motion

43
Q

muscle action based on muscle line of pull and joint axes of motion

A
  • muscle action: potential for a muscle to cause movement in a particular direction about an axis of rotation
    • dictated by line of pull/action of the muscle
    • dependent on starting position of the joint
44
Q

muscle activation vs action

A
  • muscle activation: neuromuscular process of muscle motor unit recruitment to create muscle tension
  • muscle action: potential for a muscle to cause movement in a particular direction about an axis of rotation
45
Q

variables related to mechanical work and power

A
  • MW = (force)(displacement)
    • quantification of force (or moment) applied and given displacement
  • MP = (force)(displacement)/time = work/time = (force)(velocity)
    • quantification of force applied and the given displacement over a given time period
    • faster = greater power
    • area under power-time curve = angular work
      • power is concentric
      • power is eccentric
46
Q

relationship between positive/negative work and muscle activity

A
  • net concentric activity - positive work (force and displacement are positive)
    • bicep in elbow flexion
  • net eccentric activity - negative work
    • bicep in elbow extension
  • isometric activity - no movement, no displacement, no work
47
Q

mechanical energy

A
  • mechanical energy: amount of mechanical energy is the capacity of a body to do work
    • kinetic - 1/2(m)(v^2)
    • potential - mgh
    • rotational kinetic - 1/2(I)(w^2)
  • total mechanical energy
    • TE = KE(l) + PE + KE(r)
48
Q

influence of kinetic and potential energy on mechanical work of an object (body or body segment)

A

U = change in ME (mechanical work = change in mechanical energy)

if holding a position: no ME (no velocity at COM), no change in PE, no change in KE

49
Q

metabolic energy

A
  • energy produced through anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
    • aerobic metabolism: can be measured with O2 consumption (VO2)
    • anaerobic metabolism: measured with CO2 production relative to consumption (VCO2/VO2)
      • respiratory exchange ratio (glycolysis)
50
Q

metabolic economy vs efficiency

A
  • movement economy: metabolic energy usage (measured as rate of oxygen uptake) for a given amount of submaximal momvement
    • amount of energy USED (O2 consumed)
  • movement efficiency: work accomplished for a given energy consumed
    • WORK/USE
51
Q

mechanical efficiency

A
  • effectiveness of a machine
  • percentage of energy expended and converted to work (output/input)
52
Q

anatomical differences between spine regions that influence movement

A
  • CS: 45 facet orientation, lordotic curve (flexion in upper CS)
    • uncovertebral joint C3-7
  • TS: 60 facet orientation, natural kyphosis
    • small disc to vertebral height ratio: limits rotation due to compression, provides stability
  • LS: 90 facet joint, natural lordosis
53
Q

explain how structure of joint in spine influence functional movement

A
  • CS: has dens (axis) and atlas for increased rotation
  • TS: disc to vertebral height ratio limits rotation and provides stability
    • more ligaments, smaller ranges
  • LS: mobility between thorax and palvis
    • facets and ligaments stabilizes spine from excessive movement and shear forces
54
Q

joint loads during functional activities

A
  • larger vertebral body to accomodate greater load
    • shock absorption
55
Q

structure and variations of hip joint

A
  • triaxial, increased ROM, promotes stability and movement
    • ball in socket
    • large convexity of acetabulum - increased weight-bearing and stability
  • angle of inclincation: normal angle is 125
    • coxa vara: decreased AoI, larger moment arm
      • genu valgum (knock-knees)
      • rearfoot inversion
      • increase moment arm for hip abductors if (+)
    • coxa valga: increased AoI (150), decreased moment arm
      • genu varum ()
  • angle of torsion
    • increased: excessive anteversion, toe in
    • decreased: retroversion, toe-out
56
Q

typical joint load at hip due to functional activity and influencing factors

A
  • double limb standing: 35% BW
  • SLS: 250-300% BW
    • muscle forces on a joint
  • stair climb: 300% BW
  • walking: 400-700% BW
  • running: 1000% BW
57
Q

structure and variations of knee

A
  • condyles: asymmetry between lateral and medial
  • menisci: increase stability by deepening tibial plateaus
    • decrease friction by 20%
    • increase contact area by 70%
    • absorb shock
58
Q

joint positions influence functional movement

A
  • IR and ER: in full extension, rotation is limited by interlocking femoral and tibial condyles
    • rotational freedom is max at 90 degrees of flexion
    • after 90 flexion, rotation decreases due to soft tissue limitations
59
Q

typical joint loads for knee

A
  • force at tibiofemoral joint is 2-4x BW with typical walking
    • 50-100% of load is transmitted through menisci
  • patellofemoral contact pressure is 0.5x BW with walking
    • increases 2.5-3.5x BW on stairs
    • up to 7x with running
  • PF compression increases with increased angle and quad activation
    • Q angle - formed by line from ASIS to mid patella and line from mid patella to tibial tuberosity
    • genu varum: small or negative Q angle
    • genu valgum: angle is greater than 17 degrees
60
Q

ankle and foot positions and movement

A

primary movements are df and pf - correlated with tibiofibular joints

talocrural: lateral facet longer contact area than medial (larger fibular movement compared to tibia)
subtalar: talocalcaneal, 3 facets on talus and calcaneus (anterior, middle, and posterior)
* posterior takes the most weight

61
Q

how to foot joint positions influence movement

A
  • transverse tarsal
    • supination: axes cross, lock joint, create rigid lever
    • pronation: axes parallel, free motion, movement of mid and forefoot vary on terrain in WB, absorbs BW
  • intertarsal: provide stability
    • cuneonaviular, cubonavicular, cuneocuboid
  • tarsometatarsal: primary df/pf, most motion at first ray
  • arch: absorbs load to dampen impact, distribute BW across foot
    • pes cavus: high
    • pes planus: low
62
Q

define inertia and how it is measured

A
  • inertia: the resistance of an object to motion
  • measured by mass - a person’s inertia is their mass
    • larger mass = greater resistance to motion/change in momentum
63
Q

explain how mass distribution of a body segment affects its rotational motion

A
  • if mass distribution is closer to axis of rotation - lower moment of inertia (less resistance to motion)
    • increased angular velocity
  • if mass is further from axis of rotation - increased moment of inertia
    • lower angular velocity
64
Q

define momentum and how it is measured

A
  • momentum: quantification of motion (mass x velocity)
  • net force applied is proportional to the change in momentum over a given time
65
Q

explain how the forces acting on a body/segment influence momentum

A

a change of motion/momentum is proportional to the forces impressed on the system, in direction of the straight line in which the net force is impressed

66
Q

describe the effect of 2 objects interacting, based on mass and velocity of each object

A
  • masses and velocities have to even out
67
Q

explain how movement of one body segment effects adjacent segments

A
  • movement of one segment affects another
    • relative moments of inertia
  • pitching in baseball
    • UE extension moment
    • torso moment opposes UE motion
    • moment of inertia of arm is much smaller, so UE has greater momentum (angular velocity)
  • walking
    • muscles create a moment at the foot
    • opposite moment created on the leg
68
Q

apply the principle of mechanical input to human movement

A
  • impulse = (force)(time)
  • can change parts of impulse/momentum
    • increase t, decrease F
69
Q

estimate joint mechanical impulse based on visual analysis of moment versus time graph

A
70
Q

identify forces on body segment from structures within and out of body

A
  • always: JRF, net muscle, weight of segment
  • can also have GRF (with foot on ground) or an extra weight (around ankle, in hand)
71
Q

determine net effect of forces acting on a given body segment

A
  • if forces are coplanar but not colinear, have to break it down to X and Y
72
Q

describe how forces at one segment are translated to creates forces and moments on adjacent body segments

A
  • can determine amount of force delivered to adjacent segment through JRF
    • F = ma
  • you could identify forces acting on segments and measure acceleration of segment, calculate JRF and how JRF moves up to adjacent segments
73
Q

imaging

A
  • common, position, and time data
  • video is most common and most useful
74
Q

electrogoniometers

A

joint position and time, one plane of motion

75
Q

inertial measurement units

A

mostly accelerometer and gyroscope

  • collect acceleration data
  • used for joints and body segments
76
Q

force plates-kinetics

A
  • GRF data during movement in X, Y, and Z directions
77
Q

muscle activity

A

EMG

  • supplementary to joint kinematics, helps determine type of muscle activity
78
Q

position, velocity, and acceleration graphs

A

movement science 1 (4 decks)

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