Learning Objectives Flashcards
Inadequate renal perfusion of kidneys can lead to what injury?
Acute kidney injury (AKI)
AKI results in the kidneys failing to filter waste products effectively, causing toxin accumulation in the blood.
What is uremia and what symptoms can it cause?
Uremia is a condition resulting from the failure of the kidneys to filter waste effectively. This accumulation of toxins in the blood, causes nausea, fatigue, and confusion
Poor renal perfusion results in in electrolyte imbalances such as hyper_______ and hypo_______.
Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
These imbalances can cause severe complications, including cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness.
What system is activated due to reduced renal perfusion?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Activation leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
What are the consequences of chronic activation of RAAS?
Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases
Chronic RAAS activation contributes to long-term health complications.
What acid-base imbalance occurs due to inadequate renal perfusion?
Metabolic acidosis
This condition arises from the kidneys’ inability to excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate.
What symptoms can metabolic acidosis cause?
Rapid breathing and confusion
If not corrected, metabolic acidosis can be life-threatening.
What are the autoregulatory mechanisms that maintain renal blood flow?
Myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback
These mechanisms can be impaired in chronic hypertension and diabetes.
How does sympathetic nervous system overactivity affect renal blood flow?
Causes excessive vasoconstriction of renal arterioles
This reduces renal blood flow and can contribute to hypertension.
What are the effects of chronic activation of RAAS in heart failure and chronic kidney disease?
Persistent vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and hypertension
These effects can lead to further renal damage and exacerbate cardiovascular conditions.
True or False: Inadequate renal perfusion can impair fluid and electrolyte balance.
True
Poor renal perfusion disrupts the kidneys’ ability to regulate electrolytes.
Fill in the blank: Inadequate renal perfusion can lead to _______ due to the kidneys’ impaired ability to filter waste.
acute kidney injury (AKI)
AKI is characterized by the failure of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products.
What can chronic activation of RAAS lead to in terms of blood pressure?
Hypertension
Chronic activation contributes to long-term increases in blood pressure.
What is the nephron?
The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. Each kidney contains about 1 to 1.5 million nephrons.
What are the components of the renal corpuscle?
The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
What is the function of the glomerulus?
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries where blood filtration begins. Blood enters through the afferent arteriole and exits via the efferent arteriole.
What is Bowman’s capsule?
Bowman’s capsule is a cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that passes through the glomerular capillaries.
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
The PCT reabsorbs essential substances like glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes from the filtrate back into the blood.
What does the Loop of Henle do?
The Loop of Henle extends into the renal medulla and plays a crucial role in concentrating urine by reabsorbing water and salts.
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
The DCT further adjusts the composition of the filtrate through selective reabsorption and secretion.
What is the collecting duct’s role?
The collecting duct receives urine from multiple nephrons and transports it to the renal pelvis, also playing a role in water reabsorption under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
How do the kidneys regulate extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?
The kidneys regulate ECF volume and composition through mechanisms like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
What is glomerular filtration?
Glomerular filtration is the process where blood pressure forces water and solutes from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, forming the filtrate.
How is glomerular filtration regulated?
The rate of glomerular filtration is regulated by the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback to maintain a stable filtration rate.
