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Anatomy > learning objectives 1,2,3 for quiz #1 > Flashcards

learning objectives 1,2,3 for quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structure or internal workings. dissection/separation of parts

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2
Q

structural organization

A 
atoms 
molecules 
organelles 
cells 
tissue 
organ 
organ system 
organism
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3
Q

integumentary system

A

involves hair skin and nails - protects deeper tissues from injury, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands. synthesis’s vitamin D

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4
Q

skeletal system

A

bones and joints
supports and protects
provides a frame for muscles to use for movement.
store minerals and create blood cells

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5
Q

muscular system

A

skeletal muscles
maintains posture and produces movement
(locomotion) produces heat

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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

red bone marrow, thymus, lymph, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
houses white blood cells (LYMPHOCYTES)
involved in immunity
returns leaked fluids from blood vessels to the blood and disposes debris within the system

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7
Q

respiratory system

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lungs
removes CO2 and continually supplies blood with oxygen.
Gaseous exchanges occur in the lungs

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8
Q

digestive system

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum anus
break down food to be absorbed and eliminates indigestible waste

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9
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves
control system of the body
responds to internal and external changes
activates muscles and glands

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10
Q

endocrine system

A

pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, ovary, testis, pancreas
glands secrete hormones that regulate many processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction

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11
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels
the heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport it
blood carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste throughout the body

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12
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
regulates acid- base, electrolyte and water balance of blood

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13
Q

male reproductive system

A

prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
main function to create off spring
sex hormones and sperm are created in the testis
which are delivered by the ductus deferens and glands

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14
Q

female reproductive system

A

mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
ovaries produce female sex hormone and eggs
other structures serve as a fertilization site and development
an example of this is mammary glands which produce milk for the new born

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15
Q

anatomical position

A

when the body is erect, the palms of the hand face forward the thumbs point away from the body and the feet are slightly

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16
Q

what is the key concepts we have covered

A

tissue - the structure of tissue relates to its function

relating structure to function

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17
Q

superior

A

also called cranial - toward the head or upper part of the body; above

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18
Q

inferior

A

away from the head towards the lower part of the body

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19
Q

what two terms are alike in meaning; toward the front of the body

A

ventral & anterior

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20
Q

anterior

A

towards or at the front of the body

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21
Q

what two terms are alike in meaning; toward the back of the body

A

posterior & dorsal

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22
Q

posterior

A

towards or at the back of the body

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23
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body

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24
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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25
Q

intermediate

A

between a medial and lateral position

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26
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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27
Q

distal

A

away from the origin of the body

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28
Q

superficial

A

toward or at the surface of the body

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29
Q

deep

A

away from the body surface

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30
Q

what are the two principle body cavities

A

dorsal cavity

ventral cavity

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31
Q

regions of the body are

A

axial and appendicular

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32
Q

the axial region makes up which part

A

the main axis = head, neck, trunk

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33
Q

the appendicular region makes up which part

A

limbs and appendages attached to the bodies axis

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34
Q

what are the planes of the body

A

sagittal
transverse
frontal

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35
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left

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36
Q

midsagittal plane

A

the sagittal plane that lies directly on the midline

the middle of your nose

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37
Q

parasagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane off set from the midline

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38
Q

frontal plane

A

also called CORONAL plane lies vertically

divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)

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39
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane

divides the body into inferior and superior sections (bottom and top)

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40
Q

oblique sections

A

diagonal cuts made between vertical and horizontal planes - seldom used

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41
Q

what are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

A

the cranial cavity - area within the skull and encloses the brain
the spinal cavity - (vertebral) encases the vertebral column and spinal cord

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42
Q

what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity

A

the thoracic cavity - which is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest cavity
the pericardial cavity which lies within the mediastinum, it encloses the heart and remaining thoracic organs (trachea, esophagus etc.)

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43
Q

what cavity does the thoracic cavity belong to and how is it sub divided

A

the thoracic cavity is a branch of the ventral cavity - which sub divides into two parts the LATERAL PLEURAL - which envelope the lungs, and the MEDIASTINUM

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44
Q

what is the inferior division of the ventral cavity called

A

abdominopelvic cavity, which is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

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45
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal - contains the spleen, stomach, liver, intestines

pelvic - (inferior) contains the urinary bladder, the rectum and some reproductive organs

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46
Q

what are the membranes associated with the ventral body cavity

A

serosa
parietal serosa
serous fluid
visceral serosa

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47
Q

serosa membrane

A

associated with the ventral body cavity

thin outer covering of organs

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48
Q

parietal serosa

A

associated with the ventral body cavity

double layer membrane made up of two parts which line the cavity walls

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49
Q

serous fluid

A

associated with the ventral body cavity

a think layer of fluid which separates the serous membranes

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50
Q

visceral serosa

A

associated with the ventral body cavity

covers organs in the cavity

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51
Q

anatomy

A

how things are built

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52
Q

levels of structural organization

A

atoms - O C H N
molecules - H2O proteins lipids carbs nucultides
organelles - mitochondria nucleus ribosomes Golgi apparatus cell wall
cells -
tissues - connective, muscular, epithelium, nervous
organ - lungs, stomach etc.
organ system - 11 major

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53
Q

KEY CONCEPT - Tissue

A

to know how the tissue works prior to everything else

relating structure to function to the tissue

54
Q

smooth muscles

A

are in control of involuntary movement

55
Q

epithelieal tissue

A

is found in the urinary, respiratory digestive, reproductive and the anus

56
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the space between two lungs contains your heart. the thymus esophagus trachea run through. part of the pericardial cavity

57
Q

serosa membranes

A

made of epitheleium
found in cavities that do not open to the outside (pleural cavities, pericardial, abdominal pelvic cavity) parietal layer is a thin covering of the outside lining

58
Q

pericardium

A

heart serous membrane
layers are separated by serous fluid
this reduces friction

59
Q

serous membranes do not see what

A

the outside , they are also two parts

60
Q

name which serous membrane goes with which organ or cavity - pericardium , pleural , peritoneum

A

heart - pericardium
lungs - pleural
abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneum

61
Q

which systems are mucous membranes found

A

digestive
reproductive
urinary
respiratory

62
Q

what is the function of tissue

A

tissues are a collection of cells working together for a common function

63
Q

what are the four types of tissues

A

epithelial
muscular
connective
nervous

64
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covering or lining body cavities

makes up glands

65
Q

what are the functions for epithelial tissue

A 
protection 
absorption 
secretion
excretion 
filtration
66
Q

general characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

polarity - different on each surface
regeneration - sluff cells often loosing cells all the time - the ability to divide
lacks blood vessels - needs lots of oxygen and has lots of nerves
cells have to be close fitting - building blocks, barely any interstitial fluid present

67
Q

what are the different surfaces of epithelial tissue that cause polarity

A

skin - top - free

bottom - connective tissue - attached

68
Q

what are the types of epithelial tissue

A

simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium

69
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nucleus, most simple, allows material to pass by diffusion( easily due to thinness) an example of this is sacs in the alveoli that allow co2 to diffuse out - also located in the kidneys, blood vessels, and lining of the ventral cavity

70
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

used for secretion and absorption
located in your kidneys, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface - single layer and cube like have a square cell and a large circle nuclei - have a connective base connection

71
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

used for absorption and secretion
located in the digestive tract, gallbladder excretory ducts
single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei - may contain mucous secreting unicellular glands

72
Q

the study of anatomy is the study of the __________ of the body

A

structure

73
Q

in terms of structural organization when you put a collection of _________ together you from a cell

A

organelle

74
Q

the structural level which is a key concept is _________

A

tissue

75
Q

is the knee proximal or distal to the hip

A

distal

76
Q

a section which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is known as a _____________ section

A

frontal

77
Q

the dorsal body cavity contains the ___________ and __________ cavities

A

cranial

vertebral

78
Q

contained within the mediastinum is the ____________

A

heart

79
Q

are serous membranes found in cavities that open to the outside or no?

A

no serous membranes only are located in cavities that do not open to the outside

80
Q

the part of the serous membrane which lines the pleural cavity is known as the ___________

A

parietal pleurae

81
Q

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells
differing in height
some not reaching the free surface
function is to secrete substanes - mucus move by cillary action, located in noncilliated male sperm, large duct glands, upper respiratory tract

82
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers - thick membrane composed of several layers become flat at top
function is to protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
located in moist lining of a the esophagus, mouth, vagina, epidermis of the skin

83
Q

transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
function to stretch rapidly permits stored urine to distend urinary organs
located in the lining of the uterus, bladder, and part of the epidermis

84
Q

glands

A

are made of epithelial tissue cells, or a collection secreating something can be uni or multi cellular

85
Q

unicellular glands

A

goblet cells producing mucous, found in simple columnar or pseudo stratified

86
Q

multicellular glands

A

horomones, sweat, etc, endocrine glands which secreate to blood and exocrine glands which secreate everything else.

87
Q

if the gland reaches the surface what must it have

A

a duct

88
Q

what are the 6 major types of epithelial tissues

A 
simple squamous epithelium 
simple cuboidal epithelium 
simple columnar epithelium
pseudo stratified epithelium 
stratified squamous epithelium 
transitional epithelium
89
Q

general characteristics for connective tissues

A

all derivived from a common embyronyhnic tissue called MESENCHYME
have many different, spaced out cells
lots of extracellular matrix (h2O and protein)
within the matrix there will be lots of fluids and lots of fibres
blood vessels will be present - few to many

90
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cells

91
Q

fibroblast

A

make tissues

92
Q

chondroblast

A

cartridge

93
Q

what fibres are present in connective tissues

A

collagen - resists forces in one direction - very strong
reticular fibre - protein used for support
elastic fibre - stretching comes back to original form

94
Q

types of connective tissues

A

loose connective tissue - areolar
connective tissue proper loose connective tissue - adipose
connective tissue proper loose connective tissue - reticular
connective tissue proper dense connective tissue - dense regular
connective tissue proper dense connective tissue - dense irregular
elastic dense connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue

95
Q

elastic dense connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue

A

contains a high proportion of elastic fibres, allows tissue to recoil after stretching maintains flow of blood through arteries (where it is located)

96
Q

what is the matrix cell made by

A

fibroblasts which are made by cells without this there is no cell to preform any function - located under the surface of your skin

97
Q

loose connective tissue - areolar

A

description - gel like matrix with 3 types of fibres - fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells
function - wraps and cushions organs
macrophages, bacteria and phagocytes play a large role in inflammation
holds and conveys tissue fluids
location - wildly distributed, under epithelial of the body
forms lamina proprea of mucus membranes
packages organs and surrounds capillaries

98
Q

connective tissue, proper loose, adipose

A

description - matrix very sparse with closely packed cells
fat cells have nucleus pushed to the side, large droplets
function - provides a reserve for food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
location - under the skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys and eyeballs with in abdomen and in breasts

  • ** excellent blood supply ***
    • under the skin is the best example **
99
Q

connective tissue, proper loose, reticular

A

description - network of reticular fibres in a typical loose ground substance
cells lie on the network - reticular cells
function - fibres from a soft internal skeletal - stroma that support other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells and microphages
location - lymphoid organs

100
Q

connective tissue, proper dense, regular

A 
description - primarily parallel collagen fibres - few elastic fibres the major cell type is fibroblasts
function - attaches muscles to bone or to muscles with strands of great tensile strength, pulling force in one direction 
location -tendons most ligaments - shoulder joint
101
Q

connective tissue, proper dense, irregular

A 
description - primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibres some elastic fibres. major cell type is fibroblasts  
function - withstands tension in many directions provides structural strength 
location - fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin submucosa and or digestive tract
102
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibro

103
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

anamorphous but has a firm thick matrox
collagen fibers present from an impreceptale network
chondroblasts produce the matrix when chondrocytes lie in lacucne
support and reinforce
serves as a resilient cushion
resists compressive stress
located in the ends of bones

104
Q

elastic cartilage

A 
similar to hyaline 
has more elastic fibres 
retains shape - allowing flexibility 
can visibly see elastic collagen 
supports external ear
105
Q

fibro cartilage

A 
matrix similar to hyaline but less firm 
thick collagen fibres 
tensile strength allow it to absorb compressive shock 
compress nicely 
located in intervertebral discs
106
Q

what are the membranes

A

serous
mucus
cutaneous
synovial

107
Q

where are synovial membranes found

A

in joints - made of connective tissue

108
Q

serous membranes

A

line cavities that do not open to the outside
cover organs (pericardial, pleural)
made of simple squamous epithelium
which sits on the loose areolar connective tissue

109
Q

mucus membranes

A

line organs or cavities that open to the outside - urinary, reproductive, respiratory and digestive systems
made of epithelium

110
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

skin
made of epithelial tissue
sitting on connective tissue

111
Q

where does the epidermis lay

A

above the dermis

112
Q

where does the dermis lay

A

below the epidermis

113
Q

what is the epidermis made up of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

114
Q

what are the 4 layer types that are found within the epidermis

A

stratum coreneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

115
Q

what are the

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic cells
tactile cells

116
Q

keratinocytes

A

made of keratin - hair, nails

117
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin - deeper in the epidermis - protect from the sun

118
Q

dendritic cells

A

blood cells - produced in bone marrow, antigen presenting cells - protection from germs - chop it up and show it off to wbc - the first line of contact and will alert the rest of the body

119
Q

tactile cells

A

sensory - nervous cells - also called merkel cell

120
Q

what are not in our skin and why

A

no nerves or blood cells due to thin ness and we would bleed more then we could afford to

121
Q

merkel cells do what

A

allow you to feel things

122
Q

epidermis =

epithelial =

A

stratified squamous epithelium

has four different cell types and four different layer types

123
Q

stratum basale

A

the lowest level
they divide one goes up and one goes down
cells that go up make hairs glands and hair follicles
single layer thick

124
Q

stratum spinosum

A

2nd from the bottom
several layers thick (3-5)
keratinocytes are starting to make pre keratin - thick bundles

125
Q

stratum granulosum

A

2nd from the top
up to 5 layers thick
grainy kertain granules filling cells
cella are starting to discenegrate

126
Q

stratum corenum

A

top layer
20-30 layers of dead cells
flat filled with keratin
glycolipids in extracellular space

127
Q

if there is an extra layer of tissue in the epidermis what is it called and what does it look like

A

lucidam - provides protection often in hands and feet due to needed coverage for extra wear and tear
cells are transparent and clear but can appear white at the surface at times

128
Q

dermis

A

lower level of the skin - much thicker then the epidermis

split into two layers papillary layer and reticular level

129
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary - layer is made up of loose areaolar makes up the top layer of the dermis
reticular layer is made up of dense irregular and is the bottom layer

130
Q

where are glands made

A

dermis

Anatomy (3 decks)

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