Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > final prep > Flashcards

final prep Flashcards

1
Q

components of the male reproductive system

A 
scrotum 
testis 
penis
urethra 
accessory glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

scrotum

A

pouch of skin that protects the testis
divided into two portions
line dividing them is called the SEPTUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

testis

A

located outside the body
housed in the scrotum
needed to be outside due to temperature regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the negative effect of heat to testicles

A

kill off sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are testicles separated by the septum

A

to localize infection or injury if occurred in one it may not transfer to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are testicles supported/protected in the scrotum

A

covered in skin
2 layers of muscle underneath
dartos is smooth muscle
cresmaster is skeletal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of muscle layers in the scrotum

A

muscles - dartos and cresmaster
pull the testes upward against the body to keep them warm and to save them from freezing

the cresmaster is a branch of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where to the blood vessels, nerves, arteries and veins run through

A

spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the spermatic cord run through

A

the inguilinal ring

if you cause injury or hernia occur do to muscle opening from where testis drop - ring is a weak point for males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tunica vaginalis

A 
layer of a serous membrane 
formed from the peritonitum 
outside the body 
surrounding the testical 
previously was a internal serous membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tunica albugina

A

sub divides into lobules, draws inwards + makes a division in lobules the SEMINIFERIOUS TUBULE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

seminiferious tubule

A

is there to create sperm from day to day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the journey of sperm

A

sperm is created in the seminiferious tuble,
once made the go to the straight tubule, then to the retee teste —- movement possible due to smooth muscle contraction, move to efferent ductus to epidymis ( mature in the epidimysis) - once ready to leave they go to the ductus deferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

layers of reproductive system

A

mucosal
muscularis
adventia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do sperm enter when they are ready to leave the body

A

ductus deferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

does the epididymis move sperm better then the ductus deferns

A

no! the ductus deferens is more efficient at moving sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ductus deferens

A 
takes sperm from testicle to the outside world 
has three layers of muscle 
longitutidional 
circular 
longitutidonal

urthera runs through the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

penis is broken down into 3 parts

A

root - attached to body
shaft - the main body of the penis
glands penis - head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

penis function

A

introduce sperm to female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in a cross section of the penis there are 3 compartments

A

a pair of corpora cavernous - have large blood vessels to cause irrection - spongy filled with blood to create pressure (x2)
corpa spongisosum - where the urethra runs through

controlled by the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a joint

A

where two or more bones attach
they help with movement, mobility, and shock absorption
joints hold us together - act a connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are joints classified

A

by structure and movement type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

types of joints

A

fibrious
cartligionious
synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the most common kind of joint

A

synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the varieties of joint movements

A

synarthroses - immoveable
amiarthroses - slightly moveable
diathroses - freely moveable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fibrous joint

A

lots of fibres
dense connective tissue - regular or irregular
gives tensile strength
rare joint type
lack a joint cavity
bones will be attached and held together by collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

held together by hyaline or fibro cartilage
have no joint cavity
collagen fibers present
synathroses or ampiarthroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

synovial joints

A 
have a large joint cavity 
different in structure 
freely moveable 
a lot of movement occurs 
have synovial fluid inside them

bones meet at the ends and are covered in articular fibres

dense regular or dense irregular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the capsule called that holds synovial joints together

A

articular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

common movements used by synovial joints (8)

A 
gliding 
flexion 
extension 
hyper extension 
abduction 
adduction 
circumduction 
rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

gliding

A

occurs when one flat bone surface glides over another without rotation

wrist movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

flexion

A

bending movement along the sagittal plane decreasing the angle of the joint - example bending the head and neck forward to make the angle smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

extension

A

reverse of flexion - increases angle of join, typically straightens a flexed limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

hyper extension

A

movement past the anatomical position - a further branch of extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

abduction

A

away from the midline along the frontal plane - abduction away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

adduction

A

moving toward

movement of a limb toward the body midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

circumduction

A

is moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

rotation

A

turning of a bone on its own long axis - turns towards or away from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how do you get movements to occur in a joint?

A

attach the joint to a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what kind of tissues make up a ligament and why ?

A

bbbb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

dense irregular fibers

A

run in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

dense irregular fibers

A

run in multiple directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what direction do joints move in

A

many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

synovial membranes

A

are made of connective tissue LOOSE AREOLAR
have lots of matrix
good at transporting
have lots of mast cells
macphrophages are present to help with imflammation
this reduces friction to elimate wear and tear and debrie from becoming present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

does phagocytosis occur in synovial joints

A

yes the synovial fluid lubricates the joint to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

why are synovial membranes made of loose areolar connective tissue?

A

the LA CT filters blood to produce synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the consistency of synovial fluid?

A

egg white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where does synovial fluid go?

A

fluid is absorbed by hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where do chondrocytes and extracellular matrix go

A

matrix is absorbed into the end of your bones - squeezes in and out as you are relax or stress your joints (sitting vs standing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

functions of muscles

A 
movement 
warmth (skeletal) 
facial expressions (movement)
protection 
stabilization of joints 
maintain posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

type of muscle tissue

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart - movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

skeletal muscle

A

bones - movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

smooth muscle

A

reproductive, urinary, skin, blood vessels, respiratory, digestive tract - used for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

general characteristics of muscles

A 
packed full of proteins 
have a good blood supply 
tightly packed cells - very cellular 
not much matrix 
lots of nerves 
glucose + ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

temporalis

A

L - by the side of the head lateral to the eyes
O - temporal fossa
I - coronoid process of the mandible via a tendon that passes deep to the zygomatic arch
M - closes the jaw - elevates and retracts the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

external oblique

A

L - lateral abdominal muscles
** largest most superficial of three muscles **

O - by fleshy strips from outer surfaces of lower 8 ribs
I - most fibers insert into lined alba some insert into pubic crest
M - rotating trunk + flexing laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

deltoid

A

L - shoulder muscle
O -embraces insertion of the trapezious lateral to the clavical
I - deltoid tuberosity of humerous
M - prime mover of the arm abduction when all fibers contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Pectoralis major

A

L - large fan muscle; superior portion of the chest
O -sternal end of clavicle - strunum cartilage of ribs 1-6
I - insert to short tendon into intertuburclular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus
M - abducts and medially rotates arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

L - lower back broad flat muscle
O - indirect attachment of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae lower 3-4 ribs, iliac crest
I - spirals around teres major to insert floor of intertubercular sulcus
M - prime mover of the arm extension. powerful arm abductor medially rotates arm at shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

triceps brachii

A

L - large fleshy muscle posterior part of the arm (3 headed origin)
O - long head infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, posterior shaft of humerus, medial head distal to radial groove
I - by common tendon into olecranon of ulna
M - powerful forearm extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

gluteus maximus

A

L - forms a mass of buttocks - bum
O - dorsal illium, sacrum, and coccyx
I - gluteal tuberosity of femur iliotubial tract
M - major extensor of thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

biceps femoris

A

L - most lateral muscle of the group arises from two heads
O - ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera, lateral supraccdynlar line, and distal to femur (short head)
I - common tendon passes downward and laterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
M - extends thigh and flexes legs; laterally rotates leg especially when knee is flexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the three types of muscles

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

skeletal muscle

A 
**** also called striated muscle ****
due to the appearance of stripes 
have lots of protein fibers 
actin and miacin are present 
cause muscles to contract (slide past eachother) 
long + thin muscles 
overlap each other 
they are multinucleated (an advantage) 
aids in coping of RNA and protein fibers 
cylindrical 
voluntary control 
attached to bones or in the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

cardiac muscles

A 
striated 
uni nucleated (one per cell) 
actin +myocin - cause contactions
overlapping filaments 
intercalated disc present - where they join together 
cells can branch 
located in the walls of the heart 
interdiginate at specialized junction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

3 major difference between cardiac and skeletal muscles

A
  1. nucleus - one per cell - cardiac, where as skeletal muscle is mulitnucliated
  2. cardiac can branch, where skeletal cannot
  3. intercalated discs present in cardiac muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

smooth muscle

A 
don't have striations 
not over lapping proteins 
have actin and myosin 
organized differently 
involuntary 
unicellular 
located in blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary, reproductive
forms sheets and propels stuff 
walls of hallow organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

actin + myosin

A

fibers in all muscle cells
these allow contractions of the muscle
are arranged in tidy lines, fibers slide over each other * causing contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

skeletal muscles are named by

A 
location 
shape 
size (s, m, l) 
directions of fibers 
origin 
attachment 
function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

neuroglia cells

A

astrocytes - wrap around capillaries

              - make them impermeable
              - CNS

microglial cells - act like macphropages
- CNS

ependymial cells - circulate cerebro spinal fluid
- CNS

schwan cells - speed up action potential
- PNS, make up the myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

neurons

A

are responsible for electrical messages being sent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are the 3 parts of neuron

A
  1. dendrites - 100’s
  2. body (cell) - 1
  3. axon - 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

dendrites

A

collect info - inwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

cell body

A

nucleus, mitochondria (all organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

axon

A

generates electrical messages action potential - out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

characteristics of nervous tissue

A 
has lots of cells 
not much ECF 
neurons or neuroglial cells 
extracellular matrix 
very vascular - uses tons of energy 
keep toxins away from brain tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

the brain and spinal cord are protected by

A

cerebrospinal fluid and 3 meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects - cushions the brain
provides nutrients to the brain
made by filtering blood
makes the brain lighter and able to float

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

meninges of the brain (3)

A

protect the brain - thin membranes separated by fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

meninge layers

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

mininge layer - dura mater

A

2 layers of connective tissue
fibrous
broke into peritoneal layer - attaches the bone to skull and then lower layer is the menigal layer - helps to hold the brain in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

meninges layer - arachnoid mater

A

single layer separated by a small space called subderal space —-> no cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

meninges layer - pia mater

A

stuck onto the brain follows the grooves and into all folds of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are the spaces in the brain meninges called ?

A

sagittal sinus - filled with venous blood - collected + pool, drains back to juggler veins heart and play a role in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is called

A

subarachnoid space - houses cerebrospinal fluid has lots of blood vessels and astrocytes as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

functions of the nervous system

A
  1. brings in information
  2. sends information out
  3. processes information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

sensory receptors

A

eyes, ears, nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

afferent

A

sensory nerve information in - division of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

efferent

A

sensory nerve information out - division of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

effectors are

A

muscles or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

autonomic nerves =

A

involuntary - goes through cardiac and smooth muscle glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

how is the nervous system divided

A

CNS = brain and spinal cord

PNS – senory (afferent) —— motor (efferent)
l
somatic autonomic
l
sympathetic parasymphetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

two principle types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons - transmit messages, electrical messages, create action potential

neuroglial cells - supportive cells
- found in the CNS
astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

brain holes are called

A

ventricles - they are fluid filled spaced where you make cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

CSF is made by

A

choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

astrocytes control

A

vast amounts of selectively permeable capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

blood brain barrier

A

brain is made of simple squamous epithelium - joints of cells are leaky astrocytes keep junctions of cells tight

substances that pass through are small and non polar substances - alcohol and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what are the spinal regions

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar 
coccygeal 
sacrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

what are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves ?

A

***** refer back to chapter summary **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

circulates blood
provides oxygen and nutrients and amino acids around the body and away from the heart
helps aid in the digestion and brings cO2 away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what is the pathway that blood follows in the heart

A

?????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

the cardiovascular system is composed of

A

heart, blood vessels, - arteries, capillaries, and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

coverings of the heart

A

serous membrane (ET) - produce serous fluid to eliminate friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

protection for the heart

A
  1. from the outside in
    fibrous pericardium made of dense fibrous CT
    function: strong + collagen - attaches heart - anchored
    protection - prevents over load of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

protective layers of the heart including all coverings

A
  1. parietal layers of serous pericardium - line cavity and covers the organs
  2. pericardial cavity is where serous fluid is stored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

included in the protective coverings but also part of the heart wall 4-6

A
  1. epicardium - first layer of heart wall - firmly stuck onto the heart
  2. myocardium - cardiac muscle varied thickness due to blood passing left is thicker because it is systematic and pumps throughout body through arteries
  3. lining of the heart = endocardium made of smooth tissues —> do not want to trigger platlet plug or clotting cascade - made of simple squamous epithelium
108
Q

location + function of the heart

A

atria / ventricle

enterance to the pulmonary artery

aorta enterence

found to prevent back flow

109
Q

what is the function of a heart valve

A

to prevent back flow of blood, usually found in blood vessels

110
Q

when do arteries get most of there blood ?

A

when they are relaxed

111
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

112
Q

arteries —

A

can constrict and contract -

inner most layer : tunica intima

middle layer: tunica media - smooth muscle+ elastic connective tissue - to be able to stretch

outer layer: tunica externa - lumen

* all are lines, endothelial layer made of simple squamous epithelium, needs to be smooth to avoid clotting or platelet plug from occurring*

113
Q

capillaries —-

A

single layer + endo, no muscle tissue

114
Q

veins —

A

tunica intima
tunica media
lumen (larger)

have valves - not much smooth muscle
tunica externa has collagen fibers - with great tensile strength - not as wide

  • need constriction (arterols) these help to maintain BP
115
Q

tissue blood –

A

made of plasma
and formed elements

plasma is 90% water - electrolytes and molecules

116
Q

RBC’s

A

transport O2

117
Q

WBC’s

A

part of the immune system

118
Q

why do we have a respiratory system ?

A
  1. gas exchange - O2 in CO2 out
    mucus membrane helps to fight off infection
  2. need O2 and glucose to produce ATP - energy
    pseudo stratified epithelium
  3. acid base balance
119
Q

components of the respiratory system

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • larynx
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchus
  • lungs
120
Q

paranasal sinus

A

what do you do ??

121
Q

pharynx

A

passage way for air, upper, lower and middle - have good flow for air and food passing

uppermost is called nasopharynx

middle is called oropharynx

lowest is called laryngophyrnx

122
Q

nasopharynx

A

part of the nose
transmit air to the rest of the body
have pharengeal tonsils - help remove air born viruses ONLY
immunity response

123
Q

oropharynx

A

oral
stratified squamous
tonsils of the mouth - palentine
lymph nodes fight infection - lingual tonsils

124
Q

laryngophryx

A

behind the larynx - lower level
becomes esophagus
no specialized structure
lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect with multi layers - good for food travel

125
Q

what is the function of the uvula

A

to prevent food from coming out your nose and keeping food out of your wind pipe

126
Q

where does the pharynx come out of

A

the esophagus

127
Q

what tissue do you not want where food is present

A

pseudo stratified epithelium

128
Q

larynx

A 
plays a large in speaking 
keeps air way open 
9 pieces of cartaliage 
vocal cords are here 
made of hyaline - 8 of 9 
3 of 9 are single and large 
3 pairs of two (6 of 9) these are small and are unnamed
129
Q

single laryngeal cartilage

A

thyroid cartilage - large: where the thyroid sits, helps keep airway open, houses vocal cords - hyaline

cricoid cartilage - keeps airway open connects larynx to trachea, made of hyaline cartilage.

epiglottitis - prevents fluids and foods from entering the larynx and trachea, flexible, elastic cartilage
covered in taste buds

130
Q

paired laryngeal cartilage

A

3 pairs
support vocal cords
made of connective tissue
they vibrate when air is leaving the lungs - during expiration
this helps to prevent food from going into the respiratory tract

relax to let air in

opening is called the GLOTISIS
and is only open when relaxed

131
Q

what is the larynx lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium - upper

132
Q

what is the lower larynx lined with

A

pseudo stratified epithelium - lower

133
Q

trachea

A

otherwise known as the wind pipe
from the larynx to bronchus
passage way for air made of cartilage - hyaline
C shaped
back has smooth muscle attachment to allow for expansion while swallowing food

134
Q

what is the trachea lined with

A

pseudo stratified - this catches dust, viruses and has mucus and cilia present

135
Q

how many sections is the trachea made of

A

no set amount and can vary

anywhere from 16-20 parts

136
Q

what are the three layers that protect the trachea

A

mucosal layer
sub mucosal layer
adventia

137
Q

protective layer of the trachea mucosal layer

A

mucosal layer - pseudo stratified epithelium - produces mucus and has cilia

138
Q

protective layer of the trachea sub mucosal layer

A

where there are C shaped cartilage rings and glands here

139
Q

protective layer of the trachea adventia

A

usually made of connective tissue

140
Q

where the trachea ends it forms a solid ring that is called

A

CARNIA - this helps to maintain structure and to branch out to the bronchus

141
Q

broncholi tree

A

right and left - primary bronchus
have whole rings which are branched to lungs

lined with pseudo stratified epithelium

primary divides into secondary bronchus

142
Q

is there a difference in bronchial tree

A

left is smaller than right side
left has two lobes to accommodate for the heart

right lung has three lobes and three branches

pseudo —> columnar —-> cuboidal in the aveloii ——> simple squamous epithelium

143
Q

what are the smallest bronchial tubes called

A

terminal broncholies - they have no cartaliage present

lined with cuboidal – go into respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli sacs

144
Q

cerebrum

A

made up of 2 large hemisphere
connected by a deep bridge of nerve fibers
each hemisphere has a lateral ventricle
made up of white and grey matter

interrupts sensory impulses motor areas control muscles 
function in emotional intellectual process - behaviour 
gross muscle movement -
145
Q

sulcus

A

shallow groove in cerebrum

146
Q

corpus callosum

A

large bundle of fibers - made of white matter

147
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiation, coordination and execution of movement

large masses of grey matter that lie deep in the hemisphere, include: calldate, nucleus, putamen, globus, pallidus, subthatlthmus, substantia nigra

each hemisphere has its own set of ganglia

148
Q

cerebellum

A

bilaterally symmetrical
consist of two lateral hemispheres
connected in the midline by the vermis
made mostly of while matter, overlain by grey (cerebral cortex)

deep fissures subdivide hemispheres into anterior/ posterior/ + flocculondular lobes

function - controls skeletal muscle contractions 
modulates sensation of anger + pleasure
149
Q

diencephalon

A

thymus, hypothalamus and epithymus are all part of

located between the cerebral hemispheres above mid brain

surrounds the 3rd ventricle

mostly grey matter organized into nucuelui

150
Q

thalamus

A
  1. Relays all sensory impulses (not smell) to cerebral cortex.
  2. Relays motor impulses from cerebral cortex →spinal cord.
  3. Interprets pain, temperature, pressure sensations.
  4. Functions in emotion and memory.
151
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood vessel diameter, etc).
  2. Articulates with pituitary.
  3. Functions in rage and aggression.
  4. Controls body temperature, food intake and thirst.
    .
152
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin, helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

153
Q

brain stem

A

the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

154
Q

Midbrain:

A

short section of brain between the diecephalon and the pons

Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that join lower parts of the bain stem, with higher parts of the brain

grey matter serve as reflex centers, and the cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

  1. Relays motor impulses from cerebral cortex to pons and spinal cord. Relays sensory impulses other way.
  2. Coordinates eyeball movement, and movement of head and trunk.
155
Q

pons

A

a rounded buldge on the underside of the brain stem
separated midbrain from medulla oblongata

* 3 nerves arise here*
trigeminal nerve V (mixed)
abducens nerve VI (motor)
facial nerve VII (mixed)

  1. Relays impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord.
  2. Helps control breathing.
156
Q

Medulla Oblongata:

A

Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord extending from the level of the foramen magnum and of the pons.

Forms the floor of the 4th ventricle.

All ascending and descending nerve fibres must pass through medulla oblongata.

White matter surrounds gray.

Lots of nuclei are present.

  1. Relays motor and sensory impulses between other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
  2. Regulates heartbeat, breathing, blood vessel diameter.
  3. Helps maintain equilibrium.
157
Q

what nerves are found in the mid brain

A

oculomotor nerve (iii) motor

trochlear nerve (iv) motor

158
Q

cerebral cortex

A

covers the cerebrum

contains about 75% if all neuron cell bodies in nervous system

159
Q

deep groove of the cerebrum

A

is called a fissure

160
Q

components of the digestive tract

A 
tongue 
pharynx 
salivary glands 
esophagus 
stomach 
pancreas 
liver 
gallbladder 
small intestine 
large intestine
161
Q

what kind of digestion occurs in the digestive tract

A

chemical —- saliva and stomach acid

physical —- chewing and pushing of partially digested materials

162
Q

where do lipids go to be digested

A

into the lymph

163
Q

what is the function of the appendix

A

houses bacteria that don’t get killed off when taking antibiotics - a very important organ in the regulation of good bacteria in the body

164
Q

what does skeletal muscle do

A

allows slight control

165
Q

gallbladder

A

is just a storage organ stores; bile produced in the liver when break down triglycerides

166
Q

grey matter

A

contains cell bodies, dendrite and axon terminals of neurons - where all synapses are

167
Q

white matter

A

made of axons - connecting different parts of grey matter together

168
Q

flow of Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A

moves from 1 lateral ventricle to the other —> 3rd ventricle —-> 4th ventricle (most vol. present, production complete —> goes down and around the spinal cord OR to the subarachnoid space

169
Q

CSF production

A

CSF is made by choroid plexus - filtered blood goes through tuffs of arterial capillaries

170
Q

olfactory nerves

A

purely sensory- concerned with sense of smell

terminates in the cerebrum

171
Q

optic nerves

A

purely sensory - transmit visual impulses from the retina to the thalamus
terminates in the cerebrum

172
Q

oculomotor nerves

A

primarily motor - emerge from the midbrain and serve four extrinsic eye muscles. the levator palpebrae superioris of the eyelid and the intrinsic ciliary muscle of the eye and constrictor fibers of the iris.

173
Q

trochlear nerves

A

primarily motor - issue from the dorsal midbrain and carry motor and proprioceptor impulses from superior oblique muscles of the eyeballs

174
Q

trigeminal nerves

A

mixed nerves - emerge from lateral pons as the main general nerves of the face

175
Q

abducens nerves

A

primarily motor - emerge from the pons and serve the motor and prpprioceptive functions of the lateral rectus muscles of the eyeballs

176
Q

facial nerves

A

mixed nerves - emerge from pons as the major motor nerves of the face

177
Q

vestibulococohelear nerves

A

mostly sensory - transmit impulses from the hearing and equilibrium receptors of the inner ear

178
Q

glossopharyngeal nerves

A

mixed nerves - issue from the medulla transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds of the posterior tongue

179
Q

vagus nerve

A

mixed nerve - arise from the medulla - are almost all are autonomic parasympathetic

180
Q

accessory nerves

A

primarily motor - arise at the spinal rootlets from the cervical spinal cord and enter the forman magnum

181
Q

hypoglossal nerves

A

primarily motor - issue from the medulla and carry somatic motor efferents to proprioceptive fibers from the tongue muscles

182
Q

3 layers of muscle in the stomach

A
  1. circular
  2. longitudinal
  3. oblique
183
Q

stomach layer lining

A

has ruguy to increase surface area for stretching to occur

184
Q

what are the spinal regions

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar 
coccygeal nerves  
sacrum
185
Q

how many pairs of cervical nerves

A

8

186
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12

187
Q

how many pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5

188
Q

how many pairs of sacrum nerves

A

5

189
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1

190
Q

heart valves

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. pulmonary valve
  3. mitral valve
  4. aortic valve
191
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the R. atrium and the R. ventricle

192
Q

pulmonary valve

A

located between the R. ventricle and pulumary artery

193
Q

mitral valve

A

located between the R. atrium and the L. ventricle

194
Q

aortic valve

A

located between L. ventricle and aorta

195
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the bottom of the stomach and the top of the small intestine

196
Q

what are the layers of the stomach

A

caraia - where the esophagus joins the stomach
fundus - projects upwards to the diaphragm
body - actual stomach
sphincter - smooth muscle - separates stomach and duodenum
duodenum - lowest part of the stomach where it attaches to the small intestine

197
Q

stomach is modified how

A

has three layers of muscle not two

has oblique muscle to churn food and makes the stomach very strong

198
Q

what is stomach acid

A

hydrochloric acid, has tons of mucus + various hormones

199
Q

mesentery

A

a double layer of serous membrane which anchors organs in the digestive tract

200
Q

pleurae

A

produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

201
Q

lungs

A

houses respiratory passages smaller then the main bronchi

202
Q

alveoli

A

main site of gas exchange

203
Q

bronchiol tree

A

air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans and moistens incoming air

204
Q

trachea

A

air passageway

cleans and moistens warms incoming air

205
Q

nose

A

produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air, resonance chamber for speech
smell receptors

206
Q

left coronary artery

A

runs towards the left side of the heart and then divides

207
Q

anterior interventricular artery

A

branch of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular artery - follows the anterior interventrucular sulcus + supplies blood to the interventricular septum + anterior walls of both ventricles

208
Q

circumflex artery

A

branch of the left coronary artery

supplies the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

209
Q

right coronary artery

A

courses to the right side of the heart where it also gives rise to 2 branches

210
Q

right marginal artery

A

branch of right coronary artery

right marginal artery - serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart

211
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

branch of right coronary artery
posterior interventricular artery: runs to the heart apex + supplies the posterior ventricular walls
merges with anterior ventricular artery

212
Q

vein - coronary sinus

A

veins join to form enlarged vessel called coronary sinus - empties blood into the right atrium

213
Q

vein - cardiac vein

A

after blood passes through myocardium - the venus blood is collected by coronary veins

214
Q

branches of coronary sinus

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

ALL merge into the coronary sinus - vessels that make up

215
Q

right and left primary bronchi

A

each bronchus runs to the mediastinum
first branch of the bronchi
right one is more veriticle and wider

left is usual

216
Q

lobular (secondary) bronchi

A

3 on the right
2 on the left

each supplying one lung lobe

217
Q

third branch of bronchi - segmental - terititary bronchi

A

divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi

218
Q

bronchioles (4th)

A

passages smaller then 1mm in diameter

219
Q

terminal bronchioles (5th)

A

less than 0.5mm in diameter

220
Q

gross anatomy of the lungs

A

root - connection to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchiolar attachments

coastal surface -
the lungs lie close contact with the curve of the ribs

apex - the narrow superior tip of the lungs

base - the concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

hilum - an indentation on the surface of each lung through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter the lungs

cardiac notch - indent in the left lung to make room for the heart

221
Q

pleurae

A

the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

222
Q

what veins/ arteries take blood to the heart

A

pulmonary veins
and
pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood

223
Q

arteries

A

take blood away from your heart - making it oxygenated blood go through out your body

224
Q

function of digestive system

A 
absorbing nutrients 
physical and chemical break down 
excreation 
ingestion 
propulsion
225
Q

layers of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa layer
  2. submucosal layer
  3. muscularias
  4. serosa
226
Q

first layer of the digestive tract - mucosa layer

A

in contact with food
has three layers
epithelium - simple columnar epithelial
produces secreations and absorbs
forms glands

    lamina propia - made of loose areolar tissue 
      houses glands 
      has lymphnodes and vessels 
                absorbs lipids 
                large amount of bacteria 

     muscularis mucosae - causes microvilli to move
227
Q

submucosal layer

A

made up of loose connective tissue

where the glands lay

228
Q

muscularis

A

longititudial + cicular smooth muscle

229
Q

serosa layer

A

connective tissues + epithelium

230
Q

esophagus

A 
only a passage way 
goes from pharynx to stomach 
does not have serosa layer 
            ----------> adventia layer 
              outermost layer 
          produces lots of mucus 
         make up stratified squamous epithelium

upper part of the esophagus has skeletal muscle
middle - skeletal + smooth muscle
lower - 2 types of smooth muscle

231
Q

function of salvia

A

cleanses the mouth
dissolves food chemical so they can be tested
moistens food + help compact it into a bolus
begins digestion of starchy foods

232
Q

glands that produce saliva

A

major + extrinsic salivary glands

233
Q

small intestine

A

finish chemically digesting food needs lots of fluids - which are enzymes

234
Q

parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jujunum
illium

235
Q

duodenum

A

has circular rings called plica circularis used to increase surface area - have villi and microvilli

made of simple columnar
has lots of goblet cells
and produces hormones
entro endocrine glands

236
Q

jujunum

A

2nd and middle layer of the small intestine

237
Q

illium

A

last and 3rd part: most food and nurtrients are already absorbed where the small intestine joins the large intestine - separated by the illoceal valve

238
Q

intestinal crypt

A

simple columnar
deals with bacteria by producing substances
is a depression

239
Q

large intestine

A

helps to reabsorb salt + water ( lack of cause dirahhea, too much reabsorption = constipation)

secum first part - houses bacteria that can digest cellulose. produces farts due to bacteria being digested.

240
Q

appendix

A

comes off of secum, part of lymph nodes- houseshealthy bacteria

241
Q

colon

A 
ascending 
transverse 
descending 
sigmoid 
rectum - last part 
anal canal - has sphincter with skeletal muscle
242
Q

tinacolie

A 
has 3 bands of smooth muscle 
gives ridges 
looks segmented 
helps with contractions 
bands have epiloick ependages 
fat balls off the sides
243
Q

liver

A

filters and processes blood as it circulates through the body, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies toxic substances. contains enzymes

244
Q

pancreas

A

enzymes and digestive juices are produced here, secreated into the small intestine to further break down food also produces insulin

245
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

remove nitrogenous waste
convert vitamin d to active form
removes toxins and waste
regulate pH
balances h20 in the body to regulate blood volume and blood pressure
regulates blood chemicals ie: sodium
produces hormones ie: renin , erthropoitein

246
Q

location of kidneys

A

retropertneal - sitting behind the serous membrane just like most of the system - sit at t12-t3

covered by layers renal facia - dense fibrous connective tissue - helps to anchor organ in place

peril renal - 2nd layer - fat capsule - protects from injury- helps hold kidney in position

fibrous capsule - 3rd layer- protects from infections

247
Q

major features

A

renal cortex - outter most, grainy, pale, capsule - glomerulus - where blood is filtered - lots of tiny vessels

renal medulla - inner layer, portioned , striped due to loops of the nephron, has collecting ducts

renal pelvis - middle area attached to ureter where urine goes

248
Q

nephron

A

the part of the kidney, helps to do with blood filtration + supply

249
Q

kidney blood supply pathway

A

aorta inferior vena cava
l
renal artery renal vein ^
l
segmental artery interlobar vein ^
l arcuate vein ^
inter lobar artery cortical radiate ^ vein
l peritubular capillaries
acurate artery vasa reacta^ aka
l
cortical radiate artery efferent ^ arteriole
l
afferent arteriole ^ l_____________–> glomerulus

250
Q

glomerous

A

surrounded by a capsule where filtration occurs makes sure protein rbcs, wbcs don’t enter urine

251
Q

nephron diagram

A

first section - bowmans capsule, surrounds the glomerulus

first tube section - proximal tubule
loop is the loop of henele
up wards tubing is distal tubule
downward is the collecting duct

be able to draw and label

252
Q

ureters

A

have two, one coming from each kidney
sit retroperitoneal ,

mucosal layer - made of transitional epithelium
protects against bacteria and acidic urine

muscularis - longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle

adventia - one layer of connective tissue

253
Q

gross structure of the bladder

A

internal urethra sphincter
has rugae folds to allow expansion
except smooth area called tyigone where urethra attaches

the most superior layer of the bladder has a layer of peritoneum

detrusor - a group of layered smooth muscle that surrounds a bladder

transitional epithelium makes up mucosa

254
Q

urethra

A

passage way of urine
transitional where it attaches to the bladder
at exit stratified squamous

has internal sphincter that is smooth muscle
external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle
female urethra is much shorter then females

external urethra orifice - opening to the urethra externally

urogenital diaphragm - skeletal muscle that makes up the pelvic flood

255
Q

male urethra parts

A

prostatic - part of urethra that goes through prostate gland

membranous -part of the urethra that goes through uretrogenital diaphragm

spongy - largest part of the urethra goes through penis

also lined by pseudo stratified epithelium

256
Q

function of the male reproductive system

A

production of sperm
produces hormones
- stimulates sperm
- 2nd sexual characteristics (deeper voice)

257
Q

function of the female reproductive system

A

produces eggs
produce hormones
carry a baby - receptacle in which a fetus can develop

258
Q

accessory glands include

A

pair of seminal glands - seminal fluid a viscous yellowish alkaline fluid
bulbo urethral glands -thick clear lubricating fluid
prostate - prostate secretion - activates sperm - milky acidic fluid

259
Q

ovary structure

A

surrounded by tunica albugina - dense fibrous connective tissue

germinal epithelium - simple cuboidal epithelium - part of the peritoneum

cortex - outer region where you find developing eggs

eggs sit in a follicle, gets bigger and bigger and then explodes to cause release of egg to occur.

medulla - inner region where we find blood vessel and nerves

260
Q

fallopian tubes

A

transport eggs to the uterus
site of fertilization
have fimbrae - finger like projections
create a current to suck the egg into tube
infundibulm - is widened area of the fallopian tube

mucosal layer - made up of simple columnar
has cilia, supplies egg with nutrients

muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle

serosal layer - covered my a serous membrane - peritoneum

261
Q

uterus

A

functions - develop the embryo
contracts and helps push out fetus

structure - goes to the fundus of uterus - most superior part

body of the uterus - main part

bottom is the cervical canal and creates a mucus plug for protection when fertilized

262
Q

major ligaments that support the ovaries

A

ovarian

suspensory
parts of that make up broad ligament, which supports all of the reproductive tract - a fold of the pertionium serous membrane
mesovarium

263
Q

layers of the uterus

A

mucosal - has a layer called the statum functionalis of endometrium
made of simple cubodial epithelium
layer that sheds - to remove bacterial
stratum basal - regenerates simple cuboidal layer - spiral coiled arteries here.

muscularis - has three layers of smooth muscle - to help when you have a baby

264
Q

ligaments of the uterus

A

broad ligament
cardinal ligament
uterosacral ligament
round ligament

265
Q

vagina structure

A

mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium to provide protection - has rugue to prodive stretch and pleasure, has some secretions

muscularis - two layers of smooth muscle

adeventia - one layer of connective tissue

266
Q

mammory gland

A

present in both sexes

milk - producing glands of the breast

267
Q

external genitalia - female

A

mons pubis - fatty rounded area covering the pubic symphsis - has no function

labia majora - 2 elongated hair covered fatty skin folds- larger lips

labia minora - 2 thin hair free skin folds - little lips

vestibule - contains the external openings of the urethra and vagina

greater vestibular gland - release mucus into the vestibule to help keep moist and lubricated to allow intercourse

fourchette - extreme posterior point of the vestibule where the labia minor come to together.

clitoris - a small protruding structure, composed largely of erectile tissue

glans of the clitoris - exposed portion of the clitoris

prepuce - skin fold covering the glans of the clitoris

body of the clitoris - corpora cavernous that fill up with blood vessels during arousal

bulbs of the vestibule - bulbs engorge with blood sexual stimulation - helps to grip and squeeze urethra closed to prevent bacteria from entering

Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions