Learning objective 5 (immune system and blood groups)

Question 1

What are the two parts of the immune system?

Answer 1

There are the innate defences and adaptive defences

Question 2

What’s the difference between the innate and adaptive defenses

Answer 2

The innate mechanisms are a very old mechanism and are able to get rid of 95 percent of infections. The adaptive is a lot less old and is able to work through memory so it can RECOGNIZE previous infections. Memory is the most important difference.

Question 3

Why is the mucous in mucous membranes important

Answer 3

Mucous is thick sticky secretions that foreign objects stick to that then get excreted out of the body

Question 4

What is the function of the immune system?

Answer 4

The immune system functions to keep foreign objects out

Question 5

Where are the mucous membranes found

Answer 5

Respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract, and reproductive tracts

Question 6

What are the symptoms of inflammation

Answer 6

There is heat, pain, redness, and swelling

Question 7

What type of inflammation is bad

Answer 7

When the inflammation is spreading this means the infection is spreading so the body can’t contain the infection

Question 8

What does histamine do

Answer 8

Histamine is an inflammatory substance so it dilates the arterioles which make more blood come to the area which also increases heat and makes them more permeable meaning the gap between arteriole cells is widened so things like monocytes can leave easier and it attracts immune cells to the area

Question 9

Why is heat during inflammation a good thing

Answer 9

It is a good thing because it allows for an increase in metabolic processes of the cell so things like phagocytes can do their job more efficiently

Question 10

What are the innate surface barriers

Answer 10

The skin and the mucous membranes

Question 11

What is chemotaxis

Answer 11

This is when a trail is created so that neutrophils and phagocytes can get to the area that has the opening and possible invaders

Question 12

What are antigens

Answer 12

They are protein markers that let the immune system know whether a cell is foreign or not

Question 13

What do complimentary proteins fight off and how do they work

Answer 13

They fight bacteria and when an antibody latches on to a bacteria, the first compliment will latch onto the antibody this will activate it allowing for a chain reaction of the rest of the complement proteins to join it forming the MAC. Multiple MACs will puncture the cell membrane of the bacteria causing the bacteria to be lysed and macrophages will come to to clean up the mess

Question 14

Explain the classical pathway of complement proteins

Answer 14

Once an antibody notices the foreign antigen complement protein one will

Question 15

What is an endogenous pyrogen

Answer 15

It is a chemical made by the bodies cell that goes all the way up to the hypothalamus in the brain raising the bodies temperature which will increase metabolism making the cells work at a much more effective rate

Question 16

What do B cells do?

Answer 16

B cells are the part of the immune system that produces antibodies

Question 17

What do B cells do?

Answer 17

B cells are the part of the immune system that produces antibodies

Question 18

What happens when we have memory b cells

Answer 18

They are able to respond more effectively so when there is a second infection they create way more antibodies and they are able to do this much faster and the antibodies will last longer.

Question 19

What is a b cell receptor and what does it do when activated

Answer 19

It is an antibody on the cell membrane of the b cell it senses foreign antigens and when it is activated it begins to divide to form clones of itself and plasma cells

Question 20

What is the main difference between humoral active and passive immunity?

Answer 20

The active forms have a memory so the body will make memory b cells but with passive, you do not have memory b cells because all you have will be the antibodies

Question 21

What do antibodies do?

Answer 21

Antibodies can activate complement proteins, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and phagocytosis

Question 22

Why are t cells more complicated than b cells

Answer 22

T cells have more types of cells

Question 23

What are the three types of t cells we cover

Answer 23

Cytotoxic, helper, regulatory

Question 24

What is a regulatory t cell also called and what does it do

Answer 24

It is also called a suppressor cell and it turns off the immune response

Question 25

Why is it important to have regulatory cell

Answer 25

The immune response cells are very aggressive and if the immune response isn’t curbed they will start to attack the bodies own cells

Question 26

What are the antibodies embedded in the b cell membrane called

Answer 26

B cell receptors which are how infections are detected through foreign antigens

Question 27

If t cells cant identify antigens how do are they activated

Answer 27

It uses antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 28

What are self-antigens

Answer 28

These would be individual proteins there is class 1 and class 2 self-antigens made of MHC protein

Question 29

Where do you find MHC 1 antigens in the body?

Answer 29

Every cell in the body that has a nucleus

Question 30

Where are MHC 2 antigens found?

Answer 30

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells

Question 31

What are the antigen-presenting cells in the body

Answer 31

Dendritic, macrophages, and b cells

Question 32

What’s the difference between a cytotoxic and helper t cell

Answer 32

The cytotoxic has the cd8 protein in its cell membrane and can detect our own cells through the MHC 1 protein while the helper has the cd4 protein in its cell membrane and can only view the MHC 2 protein

Question 33

What can the MHC 1 protein display and what are they telling the cell to do.

Answer 33

They can display viral antigens or proteins made from cancerous cells (intracellular pathogens or proteins). They tell cytotoxic t cells they belong to the body but are infected or cancerous therefore the t cell should kill it.

Question 34

What do the MHC 2 proteins display and what are they telling a certain cell to do

Answer 34

They display antigens of foreign exogenous pathogens that have been phagocytized. They tell the helper t cells they belong to the body and the body has been invaded so the helpers should mount the immune response

Question 35

Why don’t you want the MHC 2 cells killed like the MHC 1

Answer 35

They are the ones killing the infectious pathogens so it wouldn’t make sense to kill them off

Question 36

What are toll-like receptors

Answer 36

Toll-like receptors trigger the immune response there are different types that all recognize different attacking microbes

Question 37

How do helper t cells work

Answer 37

They latch on to the MHC 2 presenting proteins that have foreign antigen through the t cell receptor and the CD4 protein once it latches on it becomes activated and begins to replicate eventually some of its replications will be memory helper t cells as well as helper t cell clones that begin releases cytokines

Question 38

What are cytokines and what are the main 4 for helper t cells

Answer 38

Cytokines are proteins that allow for effectiveness in the immune response. IL-2 stimulates activation of t cells, IL-4 stimulates activation of b cells, Macrophage inhibition factor which slows macrophage so it remains in the area, and chemotaxis which call neutrophils and macrophages to the site.

Question 39

How do cytotoxic t cells function

Answer 39

They have CD 8 proteins as well as T cell receptors which can latch on to any cells with a nucleus that presents a protein from the cell if it’s cancerous or a foreign antigen. Once it latches on to MHC 1 protein it becomes activated dividing to form clones and memory cells. The activated cytotoxic cells then release perforin and granzyme

Question 40

What are the chemicals the cytotoxic cell releases?

Answer 40

It releases perforin which acts like compliment protein to make a hole in the cell membrane, granzyme which is an enzyme that enters those whole and digests the infected cell, lymphotoxin which fragments the DNA, gamma interferon which enhances b and t cell growth, and tumor necrosis factor which reduces blood supply to the tumor

Question 41

What is important about skin as part of the innate immune system

Answer 41

It acts as a physical barrier and has secretions that are able to kill microbes on the skin

Question 42

What are the steps of phagocytosis

Answer 42

Phagocyte binds to a pathogen using receptors then forms a vesicle around the pathogen then the vesicle fuses with a lysosome then the chemicals break down pathogen then exocytosis of whats in the vesicle

Question 43

What are natural killer cells

Answer 43

Natural killer cells are immune cells that are less selective compared to lymphocytes and kill by coming in contact with cancerous cells in the body and they are able to help with the inflammatory response

Question 44

What happens to you’re reinfected with the same pathogen

Answer 44

The immune response to it is faster, stronger, so antibodies are created faster and they last longer in the body and there is more of them

Question 45

What is the difference between active and passive immunity and what are the two ways of getting immunity

Answer 45

The two ways of getting immunity are through natural immunity or artificial immunity and active are when the body creates memory b cell for a secondary response while passive refers to when the antibodies are placed in the bodies by a means so it is not possible

Question 46

What is the message shown by MHC 2 cells

Answer 46

If it is an APC they tell the CD8 cytotoxic cell they have found a foreign antigen and should attack any cells that display. If it is not an APC they tell the cytotoxic cell that they have been infected by a foreign microbe and the cell should be killed