Learning objective 4 (blood)

Question 1

Whats is in your blood

Answer 1

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Question 2

What is the chemical composition of plasma?

Answer 2

It is made of mostly water and solutes like electrolytes(Na,K,ca), proteins, hormones, respiratory gases, nutrients, and fibrinogen which is a protein, antibodies which are globular proteins, non-protein nitrogenous substances (urea)

Question 3

What happens when blood is spun in a centrifuge

Answer 3

It turns 2 colors one part being the plasma and one part called the formed substances (RBC WBC etc)

Question 4

What are the formed elements?

Answer 4

Part of the blood is made up of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets

Question 5

What are Red Blood cells?

Answer 5

They don’t have a nucleus and they are biconcave cells because it allows for large surface area to volume and the cytoplasm is never too far from the cell membrane to allow for simple diffusion it is also made of hemoglobin which allows them to latch on to more oxygen.

Question 6

How do red blood cells make hemoglobin if they don’t have a nucleus?

Answer 6

They have a nucleus when they are young cells but as they mature they lose their nucleus so they would have hemoglobin as baby red blood cells.

Question 7

What are the two parts of hemoglobin?

Answer 7

They are made of 4 chains of amino acids and the heme group is made of iron

Question 8

how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry

Answer 8

It can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules

Question 9

What can latch on to hemoglobin

Answer 9

Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide

Question 10

what bones make red blood cells

Answer 10

The red bone marrow in the flat thin bones like the pelvis, hips, skull, etc

Question 11

What is erythropoiesis and where does it happen

Answer 11

It is the production of red blood cells in flat bones that have red bone marrow

Question 12

What is the structure of a red blood cell and what does the structure help with

Answer 12

Red blood cells have a large surface area compared to the volume and have a biconcave shape with no nucleus. This helps it to absorb oxygen better and fit more oxygen into the cell

Question 13

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 13

It is the stem cell for blood that can become a red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelets

Question 14

What is a reticulocyte

Answer 14

It is the last phase when making red blood cells where the cell has no nucleus but still has ribosomes and RNA to still make hemoglobin

Question 15

Why is it important to maintain red blood cells

Answer 15

It’s important so that we have enough oxygen in the body and it can’t be too much so that we don’t have blood that is too thick causing the body to work harder to move it around the blood vessels

Question 16

What is the feedback loop for red blood cells?

Answer 16

Nerve endings sense a drop in oxygen (hypoxia) so they send a message to the brain which tells the kidneys to release erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cells which increases red blood cell count

Question 17

Why is too many red blood cells bad?

Answer 17

It makes the blood pressure and viscosity higher meaning the heart must work harder to push the blood

Question 18

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

Answer 18

Neutrophils (50-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), Basophils (0.5-1%), lymphocytes (25-45%), monocytes (3-8%)

Question 19

Where are blood stem cells made

Answer 19

They are made in red bone marrow found abundantly in flat bones

Question 20

What are macrophages

Answer 20

They are when monocytes squeeze out of the blood vessels and they are very aggressive cells and are really good at phagocytosis

Question 21

What is hemostasis

Answer 21

Hemostasis is the prevention of blood loss

Question 22

What are vascular spasms

Answer 22

This means the blood vessels are constricting

Question 23

What are vascular spasms

Answer 23

This means the blood vessels are constricting

Question 24

What is a proerythroblast

Answer 24

It is when the hematopoietic cell commits to being an erythrocyte

Question 25

Describe the process of erythropoiesis?

Answer 25

The Hematopoietic cell is the blood stem cell it then changes into a proerythroblast which is when the cell has committed to being a red blood cell there are some stages after this that involve losing the nucleus eventually becoming the reticulocyte where there is still ribosomes and RNA to make hemoglobin it then matures into an erythrocyte.

Question 26

Why is red blood cell regulated

Answer 26

It is regulated because if there isn’t enough of it fatigue will happen because there is not enough oxygen to help the cells produce enough energy

Question 27

Describe red blood cell feedback loop

Answer 27

Receptors in the body sense decreased oxygen which sends a message to the control center of the brain. The brain then sends a message to the kidneys and liver which release erythropoietin which stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more RBC allowing oxygen-carrying capacity to increase

Question 28

What causes decreased oxygen amounts in the body

Answer 28

low RBC count, low hemoglobin in the blood, decrease in oxygen in the environment

Question 29

What are platelets

Answer 29

Platelets are a piece of a cell membrane that has granules in it which contain certain chemicals. Their sole purpose is to prevent blood loss

Question 30

What are the mechanisms that work to prevent blood loss

Answer 30

Vascular spasms, platelet plug, and coagulation

Question 31

What are the chemicals the platelets release

Answer 31

They produce ADP which causes more platelets to come to the area and causes them to be sticky, serotonin, and thromboxane A12

Question 32

What are the two ways to get a prothrombin activator

Answer 32

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are how we make a prothrombin activator

Question 33

What is the difference between extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway

Answer 33

The extrinsic pathway is one of the ways the body makes prothrombin activator and it doesn’t have all the ingredients it needs in the blood to make it so it needs tissue factor from cells rupturing while the intrinsic pathway has all its ingredients in the blood

Question 34

What are the two main groups of white blood cells and what are their characteristics

Answer 34

Granulocytes which are normally very round and have nuclei connected by strands then there are agranulocytes which are normally don’t have a nucleus like granulocytes and don’t have those little dots in them

Question 35

Explain the process of platelet formation

Answer 35

The platelet starts out by the hematopoietic cell turning into the megakaryoblast which matures then fragments of the cell fall off the cell containing granules.

Question 36

What is primary active transport

Answer 36

This is when solutes are moved across the cell membrane against their electrochemical gradient so from low concentration to high concentration.

Question 37

what are the functions of the blood?

Answer 37

It transportation, protection, regulation