Learning objective 1&2 ( Homeostasis and organic molecules) Flashcards
Define Physiology
Physiology is the study of how the body functions
True or False organ systems are not in relationship with each other
False
The most basic thing in organisms is a(n)____ that with others of itself makes____ that when with others of itself makes an organ. When organs come together they form ____ that together form the organism
Atom, Molecules, Cell, Tissues, Organ systems
Define homeostasis
Homeostasis is the relative balance of the conditions of the extracellular fluid despite external disturbances
True or false, hormones are under homeostasis in the body
False, hormones are not under homeostasis
Homeostasis is controlled by three components the first is____ which senses the stimulant the sends that information through the____ pathway to the _____ center which sends out a command through the _____ pathway to the_____
Receptor, Afferent, Control, Efferent, Effector
Define negative feedback loop
Negative feedback loop is a feedback loop to which the end result counteracts the disturbance to homeostasis
Describe how organic molecules are broken down
Hydrolysis
Why are organic molecules important
They are important because they make up the building blocks to the human body
What’s difference between hydrolysis and dehydration
Hydrolysis is adding a water molecule to two monomers while dehydration is is taking a way a water molecule from two monomers to make them one
What is a carbohydrate and what are the different types
Carbohydrates are a quick energy source for the body and there are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are the two main polysaccharides for this class
Starch which is from plants and glycogen which is from animals
What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats are molecularly linear fats that have single bonds all around while unsaturated fats have some double bonds between its carbon atoms
What is the main structure of Steroids
They are 4 hydrocarbon rings and they differ by the last one only having 5 carbons while the rest have 6 as well as they may have different molecules sticking to them
What monosaccharides make up maltose
Glucose and Glucose
What monosaccharides make up galactose and sucrose
Galactose is Glucose Galactose while Sucrose is Glucose and fructose
Describe negative feedback loop for Blood glucose
The pancreas senses that the glucose level in the blood is too high then releases insulin the pancreas senses the increase then releases insulin the liver senses this then stores glucose as glycogen. when blood sugar is too low pancreas senses it then sends glucagon to the liver then liver releases glucose into the blood
What’s the diffrence between triglycerides and phospholipids
Triglycerides have a glycerol head and three fatty acid chains while phospholipids have a glycerol head two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head that loves water.
What is diffrence between peroxisome and lysosome
Peroxisome detoxifies while the lysosome digests things in the cell
What makes lipids different from other organic molecules
They are insoluble or slightly soluble in polar solvents
What makes up a protein?
Amine group and an acid group
What makes proteins different from each other?
The third group of molecules on the carbon that isn’t the acid group or amine group
What is the function of the integumentary system
Protects insides from outside world and it synthesizes vitamin D
What is the function of the Skeletal system
Gives the body structure, protects and is the cite of new blood formation
What is the function of muscular system
Provides heat for the body and moves the body
Nervous system function
It tells the body what to do and releases hormones for different tasks and it makes sense of information it receives
Respiratory system function
It allows for the body allows for oxygen to enter the body and lets CO2 escape
Lymphatic system function
Houses white blood cells and picks up fluid from the blood vessels and returns it to blood
Digestive system function
Breaks down food and provides nutients for the cells
Endocrine system function
Releases hormones for tasks
Cardiovascular system function
Takes oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes waste from cells
Urinary system function
Regulates and water as well as gets rid of nitrogen based waste
Reproductive system function
Production of offspring
What are the three components of cytoskeleton
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments
What is the main building block of proteins
Amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
Structure, enzymes, transport (blood), Contraction, communication, defensive
What is the function of microtubules?
It is a cylindrical cell structure that provides structure
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
It is protein fibers that resists mechanical forces acting against the cell
What is the function of microfilaments
Microfilaments are fine filaments made of actin present in the muscles and assist in contraction
What are the building blocks of nucleotides
They have a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
What’s the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is a double stranded helix with the nucleotides Thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. It cannot leave the cell nucleus while RNA is single stranded and replaces the Thymine molecule with Uracil and is present outside the nucleus
How are proteins linked to homeostasis
Proteins are very sensitive so a change in their environment can alter their structure meaning they cannot function the way they were meant to so homeostasis is important so that proteins can retain that structure. structure determines function
What is similar between DNA and RNA
they both have sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base in their nucleotides. They are both
The backbone of nucleotides are made of what?
Sugar phosphates
What are the characteristics of phospholipids in the cell membrane
They are very fluid and their rigidity can be changed based on whether there are double bonds present in the fatty acid tails.
Why do we want a fluid cell membrane
We need it for things like endocytosis and for the cell to divide easily.
What is a lipid in the cell membrane that isn’t a phospholipid and what does it do
The steroid cholesterol is in the cell membrane and it functions to provide stability in the cell membrane as well as prevent crystallization of fatty acid tails in the cell membrane
