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Neuroscience > Learning, Memory and Emotions > Flashcards

Learning, Memory and Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

medial temporal lobe

A
  • includes hippocampus and parahippocampal regions
  • works with other regions of the cerebral cortex
  • together, they form, organize and consolidtae and retrieve memories
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2
Q

four major lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  • frontal, pareital, temporal, occipital
  • processs sensory info ausch as smell, taste, sight and sound
  • other regions will integrate the sensory inputs to enable us to understand our environment and encode memories
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3
Q

declarative memory

A
  • memory for facts, data, events
  • We can consciously recall and describe information
  • can be semantic or episodic
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4
Q

semantic memories

A
  • cultural knowledge, ideasm concepts about world

involves cortical regions well beyond the hippocampus

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5
Q

episodic memories

A
  • unique representations of your personal experiences

- mentally recalling sights, sounds, time, space, and emotions associated with an experience

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6
Q

amygdala

A
  • mediates the emotional significance attached to memories of events and experiences
  • paried structure consisting of two almond-shaped regions
  • modulates the fight-or flight response linked to survival
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7
Q

parahippocampal region

A
  • aids the hippocampus in encoding the “what” of episodic memories rather than the “where” or “when”
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8
Q

episodic, semantic memory are what form

A
  • they are the long-term form of declarative memory
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9
Q

long-term form of declarative memory

A
    • stored throughout a braod netowrk of cortical areas- people with amnesia can retrieve this form of memory but are not able to form new ones
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10
Q

working memory

A
  • temporary type of declarative memory
  • form of short-term memory that lets you remember things such as :
  • a phone number, a sum, a visual image, or other data pointed needed now and in the immediate future
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11
Q

true or false: brain possesses an unlimited capacity for short term memory

A
  • false:
  • the brain seems to have an unlimited capacity for LONG-TERM memory
  • but, short-term memories are limited to relatively small amounts of data AND for a limited amount of timeq
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12
Q

when are short-term memories accessible

A
  • when they are being processed and manipulated

- unless being transferred to long-term, they are lost after only a few seconds and are unretrievable

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13
Q

Pre-frontal cortex (PFC)

A
  • coordinates some aspects of working memory
  • controls attention, decision-making, long-term planning
  • some are monitor info from long-term memory as we;; as coordinating working memory from multiple brain regions
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14
Q

when is the PFC particularly active

A
  • when people concentrate on keeping something in mind(like a phone #)
  • neurons heare fire in spurts which keeps info active in the working memory
  • working memory is not lost in amnesia
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15
Q

spatial memory

A
  • another facet of declarative memory
  • identified in studeies showing that discrete areas and individual neurons in the brain are dedicated to processing specific types of information
  • ex. navagational memories for creating mental maps are tied to specific neurons
  • “place cells” would light up as you move through a familiar area
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16
Q

what can cause changes in the hippocampus

A
  • learning complex navigational routes
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17
Q

grid cells

A
  • do not represent particular locations
  • located in the entorhinal cortex (near hc)
  • rep coordinates that allow brain to track ur position in space when landmarks/cues are absent.
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18
Q

nondeclaritive memory

A
  • aka implicit/procedural
  • stored + retroieved w/o concious effort
  • used when performing learned motor skills… speaking, bike
  • not lost in amneisa (patients with amnesia are still able to acquire new skills)motor
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19
Q

where are memories located

A
  • different types of memories are encoded in separate but interacting regions of the brain
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20
Q

what three areas are especially important for motor learning

A
  • basal ganglia (habit center), cerebellum (motor control, coordination), prefrontal cortex
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21
Q

how is your brain able to form memories and rewire itself

A
  • in response to experience because circuits in brain change at synapses
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22
Q

synaptic plasticity

A
  • the ability of a synapses to remodel itself
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23
Q

what does encoding a new long-term memory involve?

A
  • persistent changes in number and shape of synapses
  • changes in in neurotransmitter release
  • changes in number of receptors on post-synaptic membrane
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24
Q

process of transferring info from pre to post synaptic neruon

A
  • pre transforms an electrical signal into the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that diffuse across gap
  • after neurotransmitters have bonded to the receptors, the receptors unleash a cascade of molecular events that change the message back into an electrical signal
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25
Q

important animal model for studying synaptic plasticitty

A
  • sea slug (Aplysia californica)

- nerve cells are relatively few and easy to observe

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26
Q

what faciliates long-term changes in sypatic structure

A
  • changes in gene expression
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27
Q

NMDA

A
  • glutamate receptor

- N-methyl-d-aspartate

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28
Q

cAMP

A
  • molecule

- reponse element binding protein

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29
Q

what molecule, protein, and receptor are important in foundation of long-term memories

A

NMDA receptor, cAMP, and reponse element binding protein CREB

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30
Q

two important processes for synaptic plasticity

A

LTP, AND LTD

31
Q

LTP

A

long-lasting increase in synpatic strength

- occurs in many brain regions especially hippocampus

32
Q

LTD

A
  • decreases a synapses’ effectiveness
33
Q

how does experience physically change our brain

A
  • through LTP

- essential for long-term memory consolidation

34
Q

hipposcampus

A
  • reponsible for encoding new memories

- LTP has been studied extensively here

35
Q

what does LTP generally involve

A
  • an increase in the number of glutamate receptors on post synaptic neuron
36
Q

glutamate

A

most prevalent neurotransmitter in mammalian neverous systen

- binds to several types of receptors

37
Q

NMDA and AMPA

A
  • ion channels
  • receptors
  • after bdingind to glutamate, they permit calcium, sodium ions in the cell
38
Q

how to strengthen a synapses

A
  • increase number of receptors on post cell

- allows entry of more electrically conductive ions

39
Q

calcium ions

A
  • function as second messengers

- signal molecules that set off a chain of molecular events within cells

40
Q

LTP and calcium

A
  • boosts concentration of calcium ions inside a post-synpatic cell
41
Q

LTD and calcium

A

increases calcium to a lesser degree inside post than LTp

42
Q

what do the differening concentrations of calcium do?

A
  • activate different enxymes
  • kinase proteins (LTP)
  • phosphatases (LTD)
  • enzymes modify synapse, making it more or less efficient at relaying nerve impulses
43
Q

how is CReb ACTIVATDD

A

-Continued stimulation through repetitive experience

44
Q

how are the synpatic changes stabilized

A
  • a series of molecular events in LTP
  • the increase in calcium ions in post cell activates cAMP
  • this activates several kinds of enzymes
  • some of these ensymes increase the number of synaptic receptors
  • this makes the synapse more sensitive to neurotransmitters
  • Continued stimulation through repetitive experience activates CREB.
45
Q

what does CREB do in the neuron after ativated

A
  • acts in the nucleus
  • switches on a series of genes
  • many of these genes direct protein synthesis
  • among these proteins produced are neurotrophins
46
Q

neurotrophins

A
  • stimulate growth of the synapse and structural elements to stabilize increase sensitivity to neurotransmitters
  • this whole process, the molecular cascadem is essential for memories to become long-term
47
Q

where are declarative memories encoded

A
  • in the hippocampus

- then, they are transferredto the frontal lobes for long-term storage and consolidation

48
Q

what happens to the hippocampus overtime

A
  • it becomes less important for retrieving older memories as the frontal cortex takes on that role instead
49
Q

what could artifical manipulation of synpatic plasticity do for people?

A
  • new treatements for synapse-related neruological disorders
  • eradication of harmful memories (PTSD)
  • or for boosting our ability to learn and remember
50
Q

emotional memory

A
  • another type of nondeclarative memory

- learned emotional responses become attached to stimuli after repeated exposure over time

51
Q

six basic emotions

A
  • anger, fear, surprise, dsigust, joy, sadness
52
Q

brain structuresmost closely linked iwth emotions

A
  • amygdala, insula (insular cortex), periaqueductal gray (in midbrain)
53
Q

how do the brain structures linked iwth emotion work together?

A
  • the neurons from the PFC, amygdala, and insula project to the periaqueductal gray
  • it has reciprocal connections with the central nucleus of the amygdala and projections to thalamus, hypothalamus brainstem, deep layers of spinal cord
54
Q

what does the amygdala do

A
  • integrates emotions, emotinoal behaviour, motivation

- interpretes fear, reward

55
Q

what learningis very dependent on the amygdala

A
  • classical conditioning

- assoicated a stimulus with reward or punishment

56
Q

insula

A
  • you experience disgust through this
  • involved in feeling and anticipating pain]
  • takes in system-wid inputs and subjective feelings about them
  • links feelings, internal physiological states, social emotions and conscious actions
57
Q

periaqueductal gray

A
  • lcoated in a region where incoming sensory information is acted on by higher brain centers
  • is tied to pain perception, stress response, (defensive and reproductive behavirous)
  • maternal attachment, and anxiety
  • here, the receptors for pain-reducing compound such as morphine and oxycodone are clustered.
58
Q

why does emotionally centred decision-making change with age

A
  • possibly because the lateral prefrontal cortex (responsible for self-regulation) matures gradually in adolescents
  • Teen’s developing brains and high sensitivity to peer acceptance may be related to their increased tolerance for risky behaviors.
59
Q

why might older adults make more risky decision

A
  • PFC function diminshes with agw
60
Q

dopaminergic neruons

A
  • relatively few neruons int he mammalian central nervous system generate the neurotransmitter dopamie
  • influence multiple brain functions (voluntary movement and a variety of behavioural processes such as mood, reward, addiction, stress and memory)
61
Q

why is somethig very rewarding easy to remember

A
  • dopamine influences the synapses in the entire reward pathway to create emotional associations with rewards
62
Q

reward pathway

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex

63
Q

mesolimbic pathway

A

aka reward pathway

  • major pathway for dopamine
  • connects the midbrain’s ventral tegemental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens
  • incolced in cognitive processing of rewards and motivation
64
Q

when are nerons that release dopamine activated

A
  • in response to signals that a reward will be given
65
Q

what happens when a reward is greater than atnciipated

A
  • dopamine signaling increases and vice versa
66
Q

what if a reward is correctly predicted

A
  • ## does not elicit changes in dopamine signaling and all remains the same
67
Q

why do dopaminergic reposnses vary among people

A
  • becasue some people\s brains response more strongly to rewards than punishments and vice cersa
68
Q

what is noticable in “go-getters”

A
  • greater dopamine singaling in the striatum and prefrontal cortex
  • these areas are known to impact motivation and reward
69
Q

what happens when there is aberrant (differning from normal) circuitry)

A
  • innapropriate aggression

- this is a symptom of some neuropsychiatric disorders

70
Q

lateral habenula

A

https://www.google.com/search?q=lateral+habenula&rlz=1C1CHZN_enCA923CA923&sxsrf=ALeKk03bgUD4KY6qfs936EQw9c1O2aiIwA:1619132204951&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS8q2_-ZLwAhULKawKHS8iBpAQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1920&bih=937#imgrc=AgMbnOdKFNXrAM

  • major node in reward circuitry
  • encodes punishment
  • doest this by inhibiting dopamine dopamine release
71
Q

dysfunction of the lateral habenula

A
  • linked to disorders involing innappropriate aggression
72
Q

amygdala emotions

A
  • been assoicated with negative emotions
  • stimulating some areas can trigger rage and aggression while removing specific sections of the amygdala in lab animals makes the more docile
73
Q

what else can aggression result from as suggested by recent studies in lab animals

A
  • inappropriate activation of the brain’s reward systems in response to violent social stimuli

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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