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Neurophys > Learning + Memory > Flashcards

Learning + Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Short-term memory

A

Retention of a limited capacity of information that is limited over time

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2
Q

What is Working memory?

A

Similar to short-term memory, it keeps relevant information accessible for short time periods while a task is being completed

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3
Q

What is long term memory?

A

The retention of possibly unlimited amounts of information for possibly unlimited amounts of time, all consolidated from short-term or working memory

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4
Q

What are the brain regions involved in working memory?

A

All of the regions containing nuclei of the single source divergent network

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5
Q

What is the lateral prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Right hemisphere: perceptual data

Left hemisphere: symbolic data

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6
Q

What is the medial prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Positive emotions/emotional memory

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7
Q

What is the orbital prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Negative emotions/emotional memory

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8
Q

What is an example of walking into a room and forgetting why you’re going in there representative of? (It’s a loss of what?)

A

Working memory is lost (maybe temporarily or maybe as a sign of Alzheimer’s). You lose your goal and therefore lose your working strategy

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9
Q

Which brain regions are involved in memory and attention

A 
Five SSDNs
Tectum (superior and inferior collicili)
thalamic ARAS
Pulvinar
cingulate gyrus
right lateral prefrontal cortex
right superior parietal lobe
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10
Q

What are the 2 main categories of qualitative memory?

A

Declarative and non-declarative memory

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11
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Explicit memory

Knowledge that we have conscious access to

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12
Q

What are the subdivisions of declarative memory?

A

Semantic memory and episodic memory

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13
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge about zee WORLD

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14
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Knowledge that. Recall about the events of our own lives

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15
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Implicit memory
Encompasses several forms of knowledge and is revealed when an individual performs a task that doesn’t require intentional recollections of previous experience (like adjusting… One day)

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16
Q

What are the subdivisions of non declarative memory?

A

Procedural memory
Priming
Classical conditioning
Non-associative learning

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17
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory that involves the learning of motor and cognitive skills

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18
Q

What is priming?

A

Memory that involves a change in response to a stimulus or the ability to identify a stimulus as a result of previous exposure to that stimulus

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19
Q

What is Classical conditioning?

A

Same as Pavlovian conditioning
A conditioned stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus which results in an evoked response to the conditioned stimulus

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20
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Simple forms of learning like
Habituation (decrease in response to a stimulus following repeated exposure)
Sensitization (increase in response to a stimulus following repeated exposure)

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21
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of information/memories for a period of time PRIOR to the event causing amnesia

Long-term memories and memory from the period following the event are often intact

22
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of information/memories for a period FOLLOWING the causal event (memory prior to the trauma stays intact)

23
Q

Which lobe mediates the semantic and episodic memory divisions?

A

Medial temporal lobe

24
Q

What aspect of memory will be destroyed with damage to medial temporal lobes?

A

Forming new declarative memories (involving spatial memory, episodic memory and modulating the encoding and storage of hippo-campal-dependent memories)

Memories are not STORED here!

25
Q

What are the two regions of the rhinal cortex?

A

Perirhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex

26
Q

What does the perirhinal cortex control?

A

Object recognition

27
Q

What does the entorhinal cortex do?

A

Serves as the interface between the neocortex and hippocampus

Important in forming and consolidating episodic and spatial memories

28
Q

What are the 3 general classes of temporal memory?

A

Working memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

29
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of non declarative memory?

A

Procedural/habit or skill memory
Priming
Classical conditioning
Non-associative

30
Q

What is the associative brain region for procedural no declarative memory?

A

Striatum

31
Q

Brain region associated with priming?

A

Neocortex

32
Q

Brain regions associated with simple classical conditioning?

A

Emotional response - amygdala (nucleus accumbens, orbital prefrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex)

Skeletal musculature - cerebellum

33
Q

Which region of the brain is associated with non-associative learning?

A

Habituation and sensitization - Reflex pathways

34
Q

Do Patients who have suffered damage/disease of the basal ganglion show severed deficits in procedural memory?

A

Yes.

MTL patients do NOT

35
Q

What is priming?

A

A type of memory that involves the initial exposure to the stimulus that is going to alter the response to a later stimulus

36
Q

What is the theory of priming?

A

Previous exposure or experience activates specific circuits

37
Q

What does priming produce in the brain? (Hint: it’s seen in neuro imaging)

A

Activation reduction - activation of the brain is seen largely when first exposed. Upon second exposure, we see the brains activity in that region is smaller!

Theory:
1) We are making more efficient pathways and no longer noticing the finer details as when we first were exposed
Decreasing our own processing speed

38
Q

Classical conditioning / Pavlovian conditioning

A

Pairing neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) with a non-neutral stimulus (unconditional stimulus). After pairing them together, the previously neutral stimulus can elicit a similar response that the unconditioned stimulus did

39
Q

Non-associative learning subtypes

A

Sensitization

Habituation

40
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Biologically useful
Cues the CNS about novel stimuli that may have important survival value

Increased response to a stimulus

41
Q

What is habituation?

A

Biologically useful
Allows the organism to ignore stimuli that have lost their novelty or meaning

Decreased response to a stimulus

42
Q

What is the Ventro-Medial Prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Appears to be responsible for the storage of personal information about past rewards and punishments

Proposed to be the region triggering “intuition”

43
Q

What is displayed with a ventro-medial prefrontal cortex lesion?

A

Little emotion in social situations/no empathy

Perform well on IQ and memory tests but exhibit poor decision making ability

Have intact factual knowledge but lack emotional memories

Exhibit dissociation of rewarding behaviour and willful behavioural action

44
Q

When is the Short term form of LTP seen?

A

Sensitization

45
Q

What is short term form of LTP? How long does it last?

A

Dependent upon dynamic synaptic changes and they last for minutes

46
Q

What is long term LTP? How long does it last for?

A

Dependent upon morphological remodelling at the synapse and require new protein synthesis

Lasts days or longer

47
Q

Which part of the brain is suggested to play a role in forming but not storing memory?

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

Which part of the brain are both divisions of declarative memory mediated by?

A

Medial temporal lobe

49
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of info for a period of time PRIOR to event causing amnesia

50
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of info for a period FOLLOWING the causal event of amnesia

Neurophys (6 decks)

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