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Neurophys > Fxns Of Single-Source Divergent Networks > Flashcards

Fxns Of Single-Source Divergent Networks Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sole source of histamine in the CNS?

A

Tubero-mammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

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2
Q

Where is serotonin created in the CNS?

A

Raphe nuclei

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3
Q

Where does the Raphe nucleus live?

A

Several regions

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4
Q

Functions of serotonin

A 
Mediation of attention and arousal
Inhibition of impulsive behaviour
Modulation of negative emotions
Support learning and memory
Control of deep sleep (non-REM)
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5
Q

Where is acetylcholine produced?

A

Principle nuclei are nucleus basalis of Meynert (NB) and the pontopeduncular nucleus (PPN)

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6
Q

Where does the nucleus basalis live?

A

Basal forebrain

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7
Q

Fxns of acetylcholine system?

A

Mediation of attention and arousal
Support learning and memory
Control REM sleep (Rapid Eye Mvement)

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8
Q

What are the nuclei that produce dopamine?

A

Nuclei of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SN)

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9
Q

Where do axonal projections from dopamine producing and releasing neurons target?

A

Neurons of the nucleus accumbens (nAc) of the basal forebrain

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10
Q

Fxns of dopamine system

A

Mediates the brain’s positive reward network + motivation
Modulates positive emotion and mood
Supports learning and memory
Mediates attention and arousal

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11
Q

What is the effect of opiate drugs on dopamine?

A

Blocking re-uptake of dopamine by binding to and inhibiting Dopamine Transporter (DAT)

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12
Q

What are the results of preventing re-uptake of DA

A

Activates dopaminergic system by allowing more DA in the synaptic cleft, producing the psychotropic effects characteristic

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13
Q

What are other effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine on dopamine system?

A

Activates calcium dependent release of DA resulting in the release of a large bonus of dopamine into the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

What are the effects of opium and heroin (other opiates) on the DA system?

A

Increase the firing of the DA neurons in the VTA by decreasing GABA-ergic inhibitory inter neurons that inhibit VTA neurons

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15
Q

What are the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system?

A

It is able to inhibit inter neurons that inhibit the VTA neurons

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16
Q

What is the effect of nicotine on the dopamine system?

A

It binds to a subtype of glutamate receptor on glutamatergic excitatory neurons that synapse on neurons in the VTA. BinDing of nicotine to nicotinic receptors causes the release of glutamate which bind to VTA neurons activating neurons to release DA

17
Q

True or False? Increased stimulation of the dopamine system will lead to stronger motivational drive to continue to activate the dopamine system

A

True

18
Q

Is histamine excitatory, inhibitory or both?

A

Excitatory ONLY

19
Q

Which nucleus is the principle noradrenalin nucleus of the brain?

A

Locus cerulean (Lc) - paired brain stem nuclei in rostrum pons

20
Q

Are the actions of norepinephrine inhibitory, excitatory or both?

A

Both!

21
Q

Where does the Lc live?

A

Pons

22
Q

What are the functions of the norepinephrine system?

A 
Attention and arousal (including the 4Fs)
Negative emotion processing
Regulating deep sleep (non-REM)
Support learning and memory
May aid cognitive performance
23
Q

Where does the tubero-mammillary nucleus live?

A

Hypothalamus

24
Q

What are the functions of the histamine system?

A

Mediation of arousal and attention
Modulation of body energy stores (energy homeostasis)
Control of circadian rhythms
Support learning and memory

25
Q

Where is the Ascending Reticular Activating System?

A

Originates in brain stem
Ascends through the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILn) and the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRn) of the thalamus
Goes to cerebral cortex

26
Q

What do all 5 of the single source divergent networks communicate with?

A

The Thalamic ARAS via axonal projections

27
Q

What are the 2 main functional nuclear relay regions of the thalamic ARAS?

A

Intralaminar thalamic nuclei

Thalamic reticular nucleus

28
Q

True or false: majority of axons within the 5 single source divergent networks are myelinated

A

False. They’re unmyelinated.

29
Q

What is Omnidirectional release?

A

Numerous neurotransmitter molecules can diffuse freely in various directions

30
Q

What is volume synaptic transmission?

A

Numerous neurotransmitter molecules can diffuse freely, in response to intracellular calcium

31
Q

What are the post synaptic physiological ecstatic of non-directed (volume synaptic transmission) synapses?

A

Large numbers of cells are influenced
Long duration of modulatory effects
Non-directed action

32
Q

Characteristics unique to the 5 single-source divergent networks

A

Release only ONE type of signalling molecule that influence numerous other target brain areas
Organized in a hierarchy
Support all cognitive fxns
Exhibit fxnal stability in the face of network damage
Created and altered by synaptic plasticity processes
Consists of many long reaching axonal branches
Categorized by NT utilized
Constantly modulating neural activity!

33
Q

How can nuclei communicate with each other in cognitive networks?

A

Serial, parallel or reciprocal neural connections

34
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for producing norepinephrine/noradrenaline?

A

Locus coeruleus (Lc)

Coeruleus = blue (CALM colour) and NE calms you down

35
Q

Where does the pontopeduncular nucleus live?

A

Midbrain

36
Q

Where does the VTA live?

A

Midbrain

37
Q

Where does the nucleus accumbens live?

A

Basal forebrain

38
Q

Where does the substantia nigra live?

A

Midbrain

39
Q

What is a Feedback circuit?

A

Infragranular layers –> thalamus –> layer IV

Neurophys (6 decks)

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