Learning + Memory

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

• Event or situation that evokes a response

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

• Linking two or more stimuli
• 1st stimulus elicits behavior in anticipation for 2nd stimulus

Question 3

Behaviorism’s view of learning

Answer 3

• Focus on objective measurement
• Omits mental process

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

• Behavior that operates on environment

Question 5

Reinforcement

Answer 5

• Increases likelihood of a behavior
• • adding a stimulus that strengthens a response
• • removing a stimulus to strengthen a response

Question 6

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 6

• Defines how often to reinforce a desired response

Question 7

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 7

• Reinforcement after a time period

Question 8

Punishment

Answer 8

• Tends to decrease behavior that it follows

Question 9

Shaping

Answer 9

• Reinforcers guide behavior to closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 10

Preparedness

Answer 10

• A biological predisposition to learn associations

Question 11

Rat radiation vs shock findings

Answer 11

• Aversion even after hours between CS and UR
• Developed aversion to taste but not sight and sound

Question 12

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 12

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 13

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 13

desire to perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid punishment

Question 14

Measures of retention

Answer 14

1. Recall: retrieval of information
2. Recognition: Identifying learned items
3. Relearning: Learning something more quickly a second time

Question 15

3 Requirements for remembering

Answer 15

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 16

Effortful Processing (strategies)

Answer 16

• Chunking
• Mnemonics
• Testing effect
• Spacing effect

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Organizing terms into familiar, manageable units

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

Memory aids; vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 19

Testing effect

Answer 19

Enhanced memory after retrieval rather than rereading

Question 20

Spacing effect

Answer 20

Distributed study works better than massed effort

Question 21

Automatic Processing

Answer 21

• Procedural memories
• Classically conditioned associations
• Space
• Time
• Frequency

Question 22

Long-term potentiation

Answer 22

• Increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Question 23

Serial Position Effect

Answer 23

• Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 24

Retrograde

Answer 24

• Inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Question 25

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

Answer 25

• Forgetting is initially rapid and eventually levels off

Question 26

Proactive Interference

Answer 26

• Older learning interference on recall of new information

Question 27

This researcher developed “The Strange Situation Classification” to study attachment styles.

Answer 27

Mary Ainsworth