Learning Guides 7 and 8

Question 1

The positively charged central mass of an atom where electrons orbit; composed of the nucleons (protons and neutrons)

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

The ones accounted for the mass of an atom

Answer 2

Nucleons

Question 3

Each of two or more forms of a chemical element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons

Answer 3

Isotopes

Question 4

The spontaneous disintegration of the atomic nuclei by subsequent emission of subatomic particles

Answer 4

Radioactivity

Question 5

Particles in radioactivity

Answer 5

Alpha, beta, electromagnetic rays

Question 6

Discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity

Answer 6

Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896

Question 7

An element that was observed that can blacken a photographic plate

Answer 7

Uranium

Question 8

A device used to measure the amount of electric charge of an object

Answer 8

Electroscope

Question 9

Inferred that radioactivity is associated with atoms; carried out experiments using polonium and radium (radioactive elements)

Answer 9

Pierre and Marie Curie

Question 10

Referred to decay-period

Answer 10

Half-life

Question 11

Kind of decay that emits a helium atom (alpha particle)

Answer 11

Alpha decay

Question 12

Involves a conversion of neutron to proton; releases electron (beta particle)

Answer 12

Beta decay

Question 13

Termed as “relaxation” because it’s only a release of energy that simultaneously accompanies alpha and beta decay.

Answer 13

Gamma emission

Question 14

These radioactive decays are subtypes of the beta decay.

Answer 14

Positron emission and electron capture

Question 15

Wherein a proton changes into a neutron and an excess positive charge is emitted

Answer 15

Positron emission

Question 16

The so called capture of the electron allows a proton to turn into a neutron

Answer 16

Electron capture

Question 17

Where stability of atoms depend on

Answer 17

Number of neutrons and protons (N, Z)

Question 18

The pattern of black lines; combinations of neutrons and protons that yield stable nuclei

Answer 18

Belt of stability

Question 19

The splitting of a nucleus that releases energy

Answer 19

Nuclear fission (“breaking up”)

Question 20

The combination of atoms that release energy

Answer 20

Nuclear fusion

Question 21

Devices used to accelerate charged particles at high energies

Answer 21

Particle accelerators

Question 22

Three parts of particle accelerators:

Answer 22

A source of the particle, tube pumped to a partial vacuum, a mean to speed up the particle

Question 23

A theory that proposes to combine the four known fundamental forces of nature

Answer 23

Unified Field Theory

Question 24

Four fundamental forces of nature:

Answer 24

Strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, gravitational force

Question 25

Defined as a round object in space that orbits a star

Answer 25

Planet

Question 26

Qualifications of a planet:

Answer 26

Orbits a star, large enough to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round shape), has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit

Question 27

Mass of gasses in space that generate energy through thermonuclear reactions

Answer 27

Star

Question 28

An assembly of stars, planets, gas, and dust that forms a unit within the universe

Answer 28

Galaxy

Question 29

The totality of all masses and energy that exists in the immense space

Answer 29

Universe

Question 30

Cosmic bodies with high energy output

Answer 30

Quasars

Question 31

Identified galaxies beyond our own; used telescopes to estimate distances in extragalactic realm

Answer 31

Edwin Hubble

Question 32

The greater distance to a galaxy, the more its color shifted towards red; a change in a star’s spectrum towards longer wavelengths

Answer 32

Redshift

Question 33

States that the redshifts in the spectra of distant galaxies are proportional to their distance

Answer 33

Hubble’s Law

Question 34

Studied stellar structure, stellar dynamics, white dwarfs; Investigation of The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes

Answer 34

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (“Chandra”)

Question 35

Massive objects that have been completely and violently crunched by extreme gravitational collapse

Answer 35

Black Holes

Question 36

British theoretical physicist with groundbreaking works on black hole and relativity; “A Brief History of Time”

Answer 36

Stephen Hawkings

Question 37

Referred to when a star does not have sufficient mass to explode in a supernova

Answer 37

“Dead star” or white dwarf

Question 38

Producing neutron stars

Answer 38

Supernova

Question 39

Inert stellar cores that remain after a star has ended all core nuclear fusion

Answer 39

White dwarfs

Question 40

Stars composed of neutrons; created by the collapse of an iron core in a massive supernova approximately 10 miles in diameter

Answer 40

Neutron stars

Question 41

A location in space where gravity is so strong that neither particles nor light can escape from it

Answer 41

Black holes

Question 42

An intrinsic expansion where the scale of space itself changes

Answer 42

The Expanding Universe Theory

Question 43

One of the “future scenes” that scientists proposed will be the fate of the universe; tells that eventually after much expansion, the universe will eventually collapse

Answer 43

Big Crunch