Learning disability and communication disorders Flashcards
What is a learning disability?
Learning problems that occur in the absence of other obvious conditions.
What are the specific terms associated with learning disabilities?
Communication disorders and learning disorders.
What is the main characteristic of a learning disability?
Not performing at their expected level in school.
What is a communication disorder?
Deficits in language, speech, and communication.
List the diagnostic categories of communication disorders.
- Language disorder
- Speech sound disorder
- Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
- Social (pragmatic communication disorder)
What is a specific learning disorder?
Specific problems in learning and using academic skills (reading, writing, arithmetic).
What did 19th-century physicians conclude about individuals with learning disabilities?
They have intact intellectual processes in most areas but are weaker in others (unexpected discrepancy).
What is the significance of the Response to Intervention movement?
A practice to identify and support children with learning difficulties.
At what age can infants differentiate their own language from others?
6 months.
What is phonological awareness?
Recognizing the relationship between sounds and letters, detecting rhyme, and manipulating sounds within syllables.
What are core deficits in phonological processing?
- Segmenting/categorizing phonemes
- Retrieving names of common objects and letters
- Storing phonological codes in short-term memory
- Producing some speech sounds
What characterizes a language disorder?
Difficulties in the comprehension or production of spoken/written language.
What are the criteria for diagnosing a language disorder?
- Persistent difficulties in acquisition and use of language across settings
- Abilities substantially below those expected for age
- Onset in early developmental period
- Not attributable to other conditions
What is a speech sound disorder?
A developmental language problem involving articulation or sound production.
What is the prevalence of language disorders among younger school-age children?
7%.
What percentage of preschoolers are affected by speech sound disorders?
2%-3%.
What genetic factor is associated with language disorders?
About 50% to 75% show a positive family history of learning disabilities.
What are the treatment principles for children with severe communication and language difficulties?
- Promote child’s language competencies
- Adjust the environment to accommodate needs
- Equip with knowledge and skills to reduce behavioral and emotional symptoms
What is Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder?
Disturbances in the normal fluency and timing of speech inappropriate for age and persist over time
What percentage of genetic factors account for stuttering cases?
70%.
What is Social Communication Disorder (SCD)?
Persistent difficulties in pragmatics involving both expressive and receptive skills.
What are the characteristics of Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)?
- Difficulties in learning academic skills: reading, writing, spelling or math
- Specific to learning, not intellectual development
- Standardized test scores at least 1.45 standard deviations below mean
- Difficulties persist for 6+ months despite interventions
What is Dyslexia?
Impairment in reading characterized by inability to distinguish sounds in spoken words.
What is the core deficit associated with SLD in written expression?
Problems with hand-eye coordination and poor handwriting.
