Learning Disability Flashcards
this is also known as specific learning disorders, and are neurodevelopmental disorders that are typically diagnosed in early school-aged children.
Learning Disability
characterized by a persistent impairment in at least one of three major areas: reading, written expression, and/or math; can range from mild, moderate and severe.
Learning Disability
what is/are the differences between learning disorder and learning disabilities?
Learning Disorder - medical term used for a clinical diagnosis. (a professional diagnoses…)
Learning Disability - used both by legal and educational systems. (a public school identifies student with learning disability)
To be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder a person must meet four criteria:
- Have difficulties in at least one of the following areas for at least 6 months despite targeted help.
- Have academic skills that are substantially below what is expected for the child’s age and cause problems in school, work or everyday activities.
- The difficulties start during school-age even if some people don’t experience significant problems until adulthood.
- Learning difficulties are not due to other conditions, such as intellectual disability, vision or hearing problems, a neurological condition. adverse conditions such as economic or environmental disadvantage, lack of instruction,or difficulties speaking/understanding the language
In the first criterion of specific learning disorder, what are the areas?
- difficulty reading
- difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read.
- Difficulty with spelling
- Difficulty with written expression
- Difficulty understanding number concepts, number facts or calculation.
- Difficulty with mathematical reasoning.
What are the interventions for SLD
- IEPs
- Assistive Technology
- Learning Strategy Instructions
These are customized plans developed collaboratively by educators, parents, and specialists to set specific learning goals and outline the services a student will receive.
Individualized Education Programs
Utilizing tools such as text-to-speech software, audiobooks, and specialized applications can support students in overcoming specific learning challenges, enhancing their access to information and ability to demonstrate knowledge
Assistive Technology
Teaching students specifics strategies to enhance their learning processes can improve their ability to acquire, retain, and apply information. This includes techniques such as summarization, visualization, and mnemonics devices.
Learning Strategy Instruction
Neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent difficulties in reading accuracy, fluency, and comprehension despite normal intelligence and adequate education.
Dyslexia
What are the symptoms of Dyslexia
- Persistent difficulties in reading (at least 6 months despite intervention):
Word Reading Accuracy
Reading Rate or Fluency
Reading Comprehension
When is the onset of dyslexia?
Early development but not manifest fully until academic demands exceed coping capacity
What are the causation of dyslexia?
Genetic Factors
Neurological and Cognitive Factors
Environmental Factors
TRUE OR FALSE
Dyslexia is highly heritable with about 70-80% of children with a family history of dyslexia also experiencing reading difficulties.
FALSE
40-60%
Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in left hemisphere language areas related to phonological processing.
Neurological and Cognitive Factors
Lack of early exposure to language and literacy-rich engagements
Environmental Factors
What are the interventions of dyslexia? STTP
- Specialized Instruction (phonological training, and orton-gillingham approach)
- Technology and Materials
- Therapeutic Support
- Parental and Teacher Support
Focus on teaching the relationship between letters and sounds in a systematic way
Specialized Instruction - Phonological Training
Combining visual, auditory, and tactile methods to teach reading, writing, and spelling.
Specialized Instruction - Oston-Gillingham Approach
Use of specially designed texts, multi-sensory materials, digital tools, audiobooks, or speech-to-text technology.
Technology and Materials
Tutoring by educational therapists
Therapeutic Support
Creating a supportive learning environement, building confidence, and use a strengths-based approach
Parental and Teacher Support
● Is a specific type of learning disability wherein the person experiences difficulties in written expression
● It primarily affects handwriting, but also impair coherence
Dysgraphia
What are the symptoms of dsygrphia?
A. Persistent difficulties in written expression, indicated by at least one of
the following:
- Poor spelling accuracy
- Poor grammar and punctuation
- Difficulty organizing written work
- Excessive effort and slowness in
writing tasks.
When is the onset of dysgrahia?
During developmental years and evident when writing demands exceed the
individual’s abilities
What are the causation of dysgraphia?
Developmental and Genetic Factors
Neurological Factors
Environmental Factors
Interventions of dysgraphia?
Occupational Therapy
Educational Therapy
Treatment for problems with movement and coordination. It helps people improve the motor skills involved in everyday tasks, like writing and getting dressed
Occupational Therapy
Educational Therapy
● Learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to understand number-based information and math.
● People who have dyscalculia struggle with numbers and math because their brains don’t process math-related concepts like the brains of people without this disorder.
Dyscalculia
What are the symptoms of dyscalculia?
- persistent difficulty in learning and using mathematical skills
- the impairment significantly interferes with academic performance or daily life.
Causation of Dyscalculia
Genetic Factors
Neurological and Cognitive Deficits
Environmental Factors
Family history of learning disorders or mathematical
challenges.
Genetic Factors
- Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in regions like the intraparietal sulcus, which is associated with numerical processing.
- Weak working memory and poor spatial reasoning.
Neurological and Cognitive Deficits
Early educational gaps or lack of exposure to numerical concepts
Environmental Factors
What are the interventions of Dyscalculia?
Educational Strategies
Cognitive Training
Parental and Teacher Support
Professional Support
● Use of multisensory learning tools (visual aids, manipulatives like blocks).
● Breaking down mathematical tasks into smaller, manageable steps.
Educational Strategies
Use of specially designed texts, multi-sensory materials, digital tools, audiobooks, or speech-to-text technology.
Cognitive Training
Educating caregivers and teachers about dyscalculia by providing encouragement to build self-confidence and reduce math-related anxiety.
Parental and Teacher Support
Involvement of special educators or educational therapists
Professional Support
